The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest-ranking judicial body in the United States. Its membership, as set by the Judiciary Act of 1869, consists of the chief justice of the United States and eight associate justices, any six of whom constitute a quorum. Article II, Section 2, Clause 2 of the Constitution grants plenary power to the president of the United States to nominate, and with the advice and consent of the United States Senate, appoint justices to the Supreme Court; justices have life tenure.

Background

The Supreme Court was created by Article III of the United States Constitution, which stipulates that the "judicial power of the United States, shall be vested in one Supreme Court," and was organized by the 1st United States Congress. Through the Judiciary Act of 1789, Congress specified the Court's original and appellate jurisdiction, created thirteen judicial districts, and fixed the number of justices at six (one chief justice and five associate justices).

Since 1789, Congress has occasionally altered the size of the Supreme Court, historically in response to the country's own expansion in size. An 1801 act would have decreased the Court's size to five members upon its next vacancy. However, an 1802 act negated the effects of the 1801 act upon the Court before any such vacancy occurred, maintaining the Court's size at six members. Later legislation increased its size to seven members in 1807, to nine in 1837, and to ten in 1863. An 1866 act was to have reduced the Court's size from ten members to seven upon vacancies, and two of three vacancies did occur. However, before a third vacancy occurred, the Judiciary Act of 1869 intervened, changing the Court's size to nine members, where it has remained ever since.

While the justices of the Supreme Court are appointed for life, many have retired or resigned. Beginning in the early 20th century, many justices who left the Court voluntarily did so by retiring from the Court without leaving the federal judiciary altogether. A retired justice, according to the United States Code, is no longer a member of the Supreme Court, but remains eligible to serve by designation as a judge of a U.S. Court of Appeals or District Court, and many retired justices have served in these capacities. Historically, the average length of service on the Court has been less than 15 years. However, since 1970 the average length of service has increased to about 26 years.

List of justices Since the Supreme Court was established in 1789, 116 people have served on the Court. The length of service on the Court for the 107 non-incumbent justices ranges from William O. Douglas's to John Rutledge's as associate justice and, separated by a period of years off the Court, his as chief justice. As of , the length of service for the nine incumbent justices ranges from Clarence Thomas's to Ketanji Brown Jackson's . Five individuals, who were confirmed for associate justice, were later appointed chief justice separately: John Rutledge, Edward Douglass White, Charles Evans Hughes, Harlan F. Stone and William Rehnquist. While listed twice, each of them has been assigned only one index number. The justices of the Supreme Court are listed below.

NameStatePositionSucceededConfirmation Vote DateTermDurationAppointer1NY(Acclamation)–June 29, 17952SC(Acclamation)–March 5, 17913MA(Acclamation)–September 13, 18104PA(Acclamation)–August 21, 17985VA(Acclamation)–October 25, 17956NC(Acclamation)–October 20, 17997MD(Acclamation)–January 16, 17938NJ(Acclamation)–September 9, 18062SC(10–14)–December 15, 17959MD(Acclamation)–June 19, 181110CT(21–1)–December 15, 180011VA(Acclamation)–November 26, 182912NC(Acclamation)–January 26, 180413VA(Acclamation)–July 6, 183514SC(Acclamation)–August 4, 183415NY(Acclamation)–March 18, 182316KY(Acclamation)–February 7, 182617MD(Acclamation)–January 14, 183518MA(Acclamation)–September 10, 184519NY(Acclamation)–December 18, 184320KY(25–5)–August 25, 182821OH(Acclamation)–April 4, 186122PA(41–2)–April 21, 184423GA(Acclamation)–July 5, 186724MD(29–15)–October 12, 186425VA(30–11)–February 25, 184126TN(28–15)–May 30, 186527AL(Acclamation)–July 19, 185228VA(25–5)–May 31, 186029NY(Acclamation)–November 28, 187230NH(Acclamation)–September 4, 185131PA(Acclamation)–January 31, 187032MA(Acclamation)–September 30, 185733AL(Acclamation)–April 30, 186134ME(26–23)–July 25, 188135OH(38–1)–January 24, 188136IA(Acclamation)–October 13, 189037IL(Acclamation)–March 4, 187738CA(Acclamation)–December 1, 189739OH(Acclamation)–May 7, 187340PA(No vote recorded)–December 14, 188041NJ(46–9)–January 22, 189242NY(Acclamation)–January 27, 188243OH(63–0)–March 23, 188844KY(Acclamation)–October 14, 191145GA(39–8)–May 14, 188746OH(24–23)–March 22, 188947MA(51–5)–September 15, 190248NY(Acclamation)–July 7, 189349MS(32–28)–January 23, 189350IL(41–20)–July 4, 191051KS(53–11)–March 28, 191052MI(Acclamation)–May 28, 190653PA(Acclamation)–February 23, 190354TN(Acclamation)–August 8, 189555LA(Acclamation)–December 18, 191056NY(Acclamation)–October 24, 190957CA(Acclamation)–January 5, 192558MA(Acclamation)–January 12, 193259OH(Acclamation)–November 13, 192260MA(Acclamation)–November 20, 191061TN(Acclamation)–July 12, 191462NY(Acclamation)–June 10, 191655LA(Acclamation)–May 19, 192163WY(Acclamation)–June 2, 193764GA(Acclamation)–January 2, 191665NJ(50–26)–December 31, 192266TN(44–6)–January 31, 194167MA(47–22)–February 13, 193968OH(Acclamation)–September 18, 192269CT(Acclamation)–February 3, 193070UT(Acclamation)–January 17, 193871MN(61–8)–November 16, 193972TN(Acclamation)–March 8, 193073NY(71–6)–July 2, 194162NY(52–26)–June 30, 194174PA(Acclamation)–July 31, 194575NY(Acclamation)–July 9, 193876AL(63–16)–September 17, 197177KY(Acclamation)–February 25, 195778MA(Acclamation)–August 28, 196279CT(62–4)–November 12, 197580MI(Acclamation)–July 19, 194973NY(Acclamation)–April 22, 1946 81SC(Acclamation)–October 3, 194282NY(Acclamation)–October 9, 195483IA(Acclamation)–September 10, 194984OH(Acclamation)–October 13, 195885KY(Acclamation)–September 8, 1953 86TX(73–8)–June 12, 196787IN(48–16)–October 15, 195688CA(Acclamation)–June 23, 196989NY(71–11)–September 23, 197190NJ(Acclamation)–July 20, 199091MO(Acclamation)–March 31, 196292OH(70–17)–July 3, 198193CO(Acclamation)–June 28, 199394IL(Acclamation)–July 25, 196595TN(Acclamation)–May 14, 196996NY(69–11)–October 1, 199197VA(74–3)–September 26, 198698MN(94–0)–August 3, 199499VA(89–1)–June 26, 1987100AZ(68–26)–September 26, 1986101IL(98–0)–June 29, 2010102AZ(99–0)–January 31, 2006100VA(65–33)–September 3, 2005103VA(98–0)–February 13, 2016104CA(97–0)–July 31, 2018105NH(90–9)–June 29, 2009106GA(52–48)–present107NY(96–3)–September 18, 2020 108MA(87–9)–June 30, 2022109MD(78–22)–present110NJ(58–42)–present111NY(68–31)–present112MA(63–37)–present113CO(54–45)–present114MD(50–48)–present115IN(52–48)–present116DC(53–47)–present

Timeline of justices This graphical timeline depicts the progression of the justices on the U.S. Supreme Court. Information regarding each justice's predecessors, successors, and fellow justices, as well as their tenure on the court, can be gleaned (and comparisons between justices drawn) from it. There are no formal names or numbers for the individual seats of the associate justices, which are listed in the table below simply by number. Additionally, the progression of U.S. presidents is shown at the top of the timeline to give a more detailed historical context.

See also Law of the United States List of courts of the United States List of supreme courts by country

Notes

References

External links Biographies of Justices Visual Overview of US Supreme Court Justices 1789–2019