Sir Robert Townsend Farquhar, 1st Baronet (1776 – 16 March 1830) was an influential British merchant of the early nineteenth century who served as a colonial governor and Member of Parliament. During his lengthy service for both the East India Company and the British government, Farquhar gained a reputation as an efficient and ambitious administrator and he notably served as Lieutenant-Governor of Prince of Wales Island (Penang Island) from January 1804 to 1805 and as governor of Île de Bourbon, now known as Réunion from 1810 to 1811.
He was the 1st Governor of Mauritius from 4 December 1810 to 20 May 1823.Mauritius During his tenure on Mauritius, Farquhar became well known for his operations against French slave traders, having previously investigated the possibility of replacing slaves with paid Chinese labourers. After returning to Britain, Farquhar, who was made a baronet in 1821, sat in Parliament for Newton and later for Hythe.
Early life
In 1787, at the age of 11, Farquhar joined Westminster School. He then took up the study of book-keeping under James Pierson of Castle Street. After this he joined the East India Company.
Career summary Sources:Prinsep, Charles C. Record of services of the Honourable East India Company's civil servants in the Madras presidency, from 1741 to 1858. London: Trubner & Co. 1885: 52. Print. 1795 – 1796: E.I.C.: Writer at Madras 1796 – 1797: E.I.C: Assistant Under-Accountant to the Board of Revenue 1797 – 1798: E.I.C: Assistant Under-Resident, Amboyna and Banda, and Dutch Translator to the Expedition under Admiral Eamier 1798 – 1798: E.I.C.: Deputy Commercial Resident, Amboyna and Banda, and Dutch Interpreter 1798 – 1802: E.I.C.: Commercial Resident, Amboyna and Banda 1802 – 1804: Commissioner for Adjusting British Claims at Moluccas 1804 – 1805: E.I.C.: Lieutenant-Governor, Prince of Wales' Island (Penang) 1806 – 1806: Departed Penang, returned to England 1807 – 1807: Stood for Canterbury during the General Election (lost); published 'Suggestions for supplying the West Indian colonies with labourers from China; failed attempt to re-secure the Governorship of Penang 1810 – 1811: E.I.C.: Interim Administrator of (Bourbon, 8 Jul. '10) and Mauritius (6 Dec. '10) 1811 – 1817: E.I.C.: Governor of Mauritius (18 March onwards) 1817 – 1820: Leave of absence (from November 1817) 1820 – 1823: E.I.C.: Governor of Mauritius (arrived London Sep. '23) 1823 – 1823: Declared Candidacy for Vacant E.I.C. Dir. chair (failed) 1825 – 1826: M.P. for Newton 1826 – 1828: Director of the Hon. the East India Company 1826 – 1830: M.P. for Hythe (Kent)
E. I. C. Amboyna
Farquhar rose rapidly in the company and by the late 1790s was the commercial resident in Amboyna, a former Dutch colony seized during the French Revolutionary Wars.
Farquhar concluded treaties of Alliance and Commerce with the Sultans of Tidore (12 November 1801), Ternate (23 November 1801) and Batchian (30 January 1802), all of which the Madras Government dissolved. None of them are mentioned in Aitchison's "A Collection of Treaties, Engagements, and Sanads relating to India and neighbouring Countries," and can only be found at the National Archives (U.K., Ref. No. IOR/H/635)."Treaties and Agreement with Country Powers in India." Treaties and Agreement with Country Powers in India. National Archives (U.K.), n.d. Web. 29 April 2015. <http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/rd/43660583-fa87-42f2-b4f1-22d6800e5efe>.
In 1802, at the Peace of Amiens, Farquhar was charged with assessing British claims on the colony as it was returned to the Batavian Republic.Farquhar, Sir Robert Townsend, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, (subscription required), G. B. Smith, Retrieved 20 January 2009
During his time at Amboyna, Farquhar earned the Governor of Madras' displeasure by exceeding his brief in initiating a successful attack on the Dutch settlement of Ternate after the outbreak of the Napoleonic Wars. Demoted and sent back to London, Farquhar submitted his resignation together with a strongly worded letter of vindication to the Governor-General, Lord Wellesley. Impressed with Farquhar's initiative and direct approach, Wellesley offered him the governorship of Penang.
E. I.C. Lieutenant-Governor, Penang
During his administration at Penang, Farquhar began public works activities to improve roads, water supply and the fortification of the settlement. Farquhar Street in Penang is named after him.See also Webster, Anthony. British expansion in South East Asia and the role of Robert Farquhar, Lieutenant Governor of Penang, 1804-5. J. Imp. & Common. Hist., 23(1), 1995, 1-25. Farquhar was responsible for the reconstruction of Fort Cornwallis at a cost of $80,000.Sheperdson, Kevin Linus., and Percival Joseph. Sheperdson. Journey to the Straits: The Shepherdson Story. Singapore: Shepherdson Family, 2003: 50. Print.Shepardson (2003) cites Clodd, H.P. Malaya’s First British Pioneer – Life of Francis Light. 1948: 140. Print.
On 1 January 1804, Farquhar succeeded Sir George Alexander William Leith, as Lieutenant-Governor of Penang. Almost immediately upon assuming his new role, Farquhar began submitting a great many schemes for the improvement of the island, to his East India Company superiors in Bengal, which some have said, were near-impossible. These included turning Pulau Jerejak into a dock for building and refitting ships, buying a great deal of timber from Siam for that purpose; and a highly involved, complex and detailed plan to supply George Town with water from the waterfall gardens using a long brick channel, employing a hundred convicts to cut the canal, construct the aqueduct, lay earthenware pipes through the streets and tin pipes to conduct water to houses.Davies, Donald. "Historical Corner: 'The age of humbug' in Penang." The Straits Times [Singapore] 19 June 1955: 12. Print.Penang, was, at that time, also known as, Prince of Wales' Isle, the name given it by Captain Francis Light, in 1786, and also as Pulo Pinang or Pulo Penang, meaning 'betel nut island,' one of the names it was known by, before Light took possession of it.
Farquhar worked out and submitted a long report ending with an estimate of $648,000 profit against an initial expenditure of $28,000, derived from taxing the public and shipping representatives for the use of the water, and from a 'money-exchange' revenue farm, at $4,000 a year. His plan to bring good, clean water into town was approved but the Board of Directors cautioned that the aqueduct would be better if made of clay to avoid disorganising the entire system in the event a brick or two became dislodged. The idea of taxing the company's own ships, it was felt, was unusual and it was noted that these had always enjoyed free water in the past, and instructed this to be removed from the revenue estimates. They further noted that it was unlikely for Malays, Chinese and other inhabitants of George Town to avail themselves of the channelled water owing to the presence of a good well in town, sufficient to their needs. The final nail in the coffin came when they asserted that taxation ought to be kept as low as it could to encourage settlers to come to the island.
It was said that no other governor of Penang had deluded the Government of India into incurring the expense of practically worthless project than Farquhar, aided as he was, by what has been referred to as "his extraordinary system of book-keeping," that resulted in his short term being referred to as "The Age of Humbug."
In one instance, the return of trade showed 2,000 tons of black pepper exported without any drain on the Island, and the settlement's daily increase in "population and elegance", apparently bringing Penang neck-and-neck with the Acheen in the pepper trade race. Buoyed by this and other indicators of prosperity he provided to them, the Court of Directors in London decided to promote Penang to become India's 4th Presidency (after Bengal, Madras and Bombay). Philip Dundas was appointed to succeed Farquhar, and arrived with a large staff including three Council members, a Secretary, a Deputy Secretary (Stamford Raffles), a staff of writers, with their wives and dependants, aboard the Ganges, on 18 September 1805. Not having been consulted, the residents, surprised, wondered where the revenue would come from to pay for all of this additional overhead.
He has been called reckless.Jones, David, (Dr.). "Garden & Landscape Heritage: A Crisis of Tangible & Intangible Comprehension and Curatorship." Garden & Landscape Heritage: A Crisis of Tangible & Intangible Comprehension and Curatorship 1 (n.d.): n. pag. Asian Studies Association of Australia. Asian Studies Association of Australia, 2010. Web. 29 April 2015: 7-8. Print. <http://asaa.asn.au/ASAA2010/reviewed_papers/Jones-David.pdf >. This paper was presented to the 18th Biennial Conference of the Asian Studies Association of Australia in Adelaide, 5–8 July 2010. It has been peer reviewed via a double referee process and appears on the Conference Proceedings Website by the permission of the author who retains copyright. This paper may be downloaded for fair use under the Copyright Act (1954), its later amendments and other relevant legislation. Christopher Smith, originally appointed as Botanist to explore the spice market (p 7/34), was in 1805, appointed Superintendent of the Botanic Gardens (1805–1806). He accumulated 71,266 nutmeg plants, 55,263 clove plants, as well as Canary Nut and Sugar Palm specimens, all of which Farquhar sold for $9,656, immediately upon the sudden death of Smith, shortly after his appointment to the Gardens.Jones (2010) cites Low, James. A Dissertation On The Soil & Agriculture Of The British Settlement Of Penang, Or Prince Of Wales Island, In The Straits Of Malacca; Including Province Wellesley On The Malayan Peninsula With Brief References To The Settlements Of Singapore & Malacca, Singapore. 1836: 19. Print.
Denouncing slavery
Farquhar became interested in the labour problems that rose from the abolition of the slave trade in 1807, and published a scheme to replace African slaves with paid Chinese labourers entitled "Suggestions for counteracting any injurious effects upon the population of the West India colonies from the abolition of the slave trade", although the idea did not gain widespread support.
Bourbon and Mauritius
In July 1810, Farquhar was ordered to accompany the fleet under Commodore Josias Rowley that was to invade the French colony of Île Bonaparte, known today as Réunion. The attack was successful and Farquhar remained on the island as governor, moving to Mauritius in December 1810 after a successful invasion of the island under Admiral Albemarle Bertie
During his time as governor of the Indian Ocean islands, Farquhar had extensive maritime charts made of the region and encouraged trade with Madagascar and Mozambique, occasionally with disastrous results for the traders involved. He also made significant military and diplomatic efforts to end the East African slave trade, aggressively deploying naval units against the French ships that carried the slaves and conducting treaties with Madagascar and Muscat.
Farquhar remained Governor on Mauritius for 13 years (although he took a leave of absence between 1817 and 1820) He resigned from the post in 1823 and returned to Britain.
Parliamentarian