Events Pre-1600 392 – Arbogast has Eugenius elected Western Roman Emperor. 851 – Battle of Jengland: Erispoe defeats Charles the Bald near the Breton town of Jengland, halting the expansion of West Francia. 1138 – Battle of the Standard between Scotland and England. 1153 – Crusader–Fatimid wars: The fortress of Ascalon is surrendered by Fatimid Egypt to an army of crusaders, Templars, and Hospitallers led by King Baldwin III of Jerusalem. 1485 – The Battle of Bosworth Field occurs; King Richard III of England's death in battle marks the end of the reigning Plantagenet dynasty and the beginning of the Tudors under Henry VII. 1559 – Spanish archbishop Bartolomé Carranza is arrested for heresy.
1601–1900 1614 – Fettmilch uprising: Jews are expelled from Frankfurt, Holy Roman Empire, following the plundering of the Judengasse. 1639 – Madras (now Chennai), India, is founded by the British East India Company on a sliver of land bought from local Nayak rulers. 1642 – Charles I raises his standard in Nottingham, which marks the beginning of the English Civil War. 1654 – Jacob Barsimson arrives in New Amsterdam. He is the first known Jewish immigrant to America. 1703 – A janissary revolt forces the deposition of Ottoman sultan Mustafa II. 1711 – Britain's Quebec Expedition loses eight ships and almost nine hundred soldiers, sailors and women to rocks at Pointe-aux-Anglais. 1717 – Spanish troops land on Sardinia. 1770 – James Cook names and lands on Possession Island, and claims the east coast of Australia for Britain as New South Wales. 1777 – British forces abandon the Siege of Fort Stanwix after hearing rumors of Continental Army reinforcements. 1780 – James Cook's ship returns to England (Cook having been killed on Hawaii during the voyage). 1791 – The Haitian slave revolution begins in Saint-Domingue, Haiti. 1798 – French troops land at Kilcummin, County Mayo, Ireland to aid the rebellion. 1827 – José de La Mar becomes President of Peru. 1846 – The Second Federal Republic of Mexico is established. 1849 – Passaleão incident: João Maria Ferreira do Amaral, the governor of Portuguese Macau, is assassinated by a group of Chinese locals, triggering a military confrontation between China and Portugal at the Battle of Passaleão three days later. 1851 – The first America's Cup is won by the yacht America. 1864 – Twelve nations sign the First Geneva Convention, establishing the rules of protection of the victims of armed conflicts. 1875 – The Treaty of Saint Petersburg between Japan and Russia is ratified, providing for the exchange of Sakhalin for the Kuril Islands. 1894 – Mahatma Gandhi forms the Natal Indian Congress (NIC) in order to fight discrimination against Indian traders in Natal.
1901–present 1902 – The Cadillac Motor Company is founded. 1902 – Theodore Roosevelt becomes the first President of the United States to make a public appearance in an automobile. 1902 – At least 6,000 people are killed by the magnitude 7.7 Kashgar earthquake in the Tien Shan mountains. 1922 – Michael Collins, Commander-in-chief of the Irish Free State Army, is shot dead in an ambush during the Irish Civil War. 1934 – Bill Woodfull of Australia becomes the only test cricket captain to twice regain The Ashes. 1942 – Brazil declares war on Germany, Japan and Italy. 1944 – World War II: Holocaust of Kedros in Crete by German forces. 1949 – The Queen Charlotte earthquake is Canada's strongest since the 1700 Cascadia earthquake. 1953 – The penal colony on Devil's Island is permanently closed. 1962 – The OAS attempts to assassinate French president Charles de Gaulle. 1963 – X-15 Flight 91 reaches the highest altitude of the X-15 program ( (354,200 feet)). 1965 – Juan Marichal, pitcher for the San Francisco Giants, strikes John Roseboro, catcher for the Los Angeles Dodgers, on the head with a bat, sparking a 14-minute brawl, one of the most violent on-field incidents in sports history. 1966 – Labor movements NFWA and AWOC merge to become the United Farm Workers Organizing Committee (UFWOC), the predecessor of the United Farm Workers. 1968 – Pope Paul VI arrives in Bogotá, Colombia. It is the first visit of a pope to Latin America. 1971 – J. Edgar Hoover and John Mitchell announce the arrest of 20 of the Camden 28. 1972 – Rhodesia is expelled by the IOC for its racist policies. 1973 – The Congress of Chile votes in favour of a resolution condemning President Salvador Allende's government and demands that he resign or else be unseated through force and new elections. 1978 – Nicaraguan Revolution: The FSLN seizes the National Congress of Nicaragua, along with over a thousand hostages. 1978 – The District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment is passed by the U.S. Congress, although it is never ratified by a sufficient number of states. 1981 – Far Eastern Air Transport Flight 103 disintegrates in mid-air and crashes in Sanyi Township, Miaoli County, Taiwan. All 110 people on board are killed. 1985 – British Airtours Flight 28M suffers an engine fire during takeoff at Manchester Airport. The pilots abort but due to inefficient evacuation procedures 55 people are killed, mostly from smoke inhalation. 1989 – Nolan Ryan strikes out Rickey Henderson to become the first Major League Baseball pitcher to record 5,000 strikeouts. 1991 – Iceland is the first nation in the world to recognize the independence of the Baltic states. 1992 – FBI sniper Lon Horiuchi shoots and kills Vicki Weaver during an 11-day siege at her home at Ruby Ridge, Idaho. 1999 – China Airlines Flight 642 crashes at Hong Kong International Airport, killing three people and injuring 208 more. 2003 – Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Alabama Roy Moore is suspended after refusing to comply with a federal court order to remove a rock inscribed with the Ten Commandments from the lobby of the Alabama Supreme Court building. 2004 – Versions of The Scream and Madonna, two paintings by Edvard Munch, are stolen at gunpoint from a museum in Oslo, Norway. 2006 – Pulkovo Aviation Enterprise Flight 612 crashes near the Russian border over eastern Ukraine, killing all 170 people on board. 2006 – Grigori Perelman is awarded the Fields Medal for his proof of the Poincaré conjecture in mathematics but refuses to accept the medal. 2007 – The Texas Rangers defeat the Baltimore Orioles 30–3, the most runs scored by a team in modern Major League Baseball history. 2012 – Ethnic clashes over grazing rights for cattle in Kenya's Tana River District result in more than 52 deaths.
Births
Pre-1600 1412 – Frederick II, Elector of Saxony (died 1464) 1570 – Franz von Dietrichstein, Roman Catholic archbishop and cardinal (died 1636) 1599 – Agatha Marie of Hanau, German noblewoman (died 1636)
1601–1900 1601 – Georges de Scudéry, French author, poet, and playwright (died 1667) 1624 – Jean Regnault de Segrais, French author and poet (died 1701) 1647 – Denis Papin, French physicist and mathematician, developed pressure cooking (died 1712) 1679 – Pierre Guérin de Tencin, French cardinal (died 1758) 1760 – Pope Leo XII (died 1829) 1764 – Charles Percier, French architect and interior designer (died 1838) 1771 – Henry Maudslay, English engineer (died 1831) 1773 – Aimé Bonpland, French botanist and explorer (died 1858) 1778 – James Kirke Paulding, American poet, playwright, and politician, 11th United States Secretary of the Navy (died 1860) 1800 – Samuel David Luzzatto, Italian poet and scholar (died 1865) 1818 – Rudolf von Jhering, German jurist (died 1892) 1827 – Ezra Butler Eddy, Canadian businessman and politician (died 1906) 1834 – Samuel Pierpont Langley, American physicist and astronomer (died 1906) 1836 – Archibald Willard, American soldier and painter (died 1918) 1844 – George W. De Long, American Naval officer and explorer (died 1881) 1845 – William Lewis Douglas, American businessman and politician, 42nd Governor of Massachusetts (died 1924) 1847 – John Forrest, Australian politician, 1st Premier of Western Australia (died 1918) 1848 – Melville Elijah Stone, American publisher, founded the Chicago Daily News (died 1929) 1854 – Milan I of Serbia (died 1901) 1857 – Ned Hanlon, American baseball player and manager (died 1937) 1860 – Paul Gottlieb Nipkow, Polish-German technician and inventor, created the Nipkow disk (died 1940) 1860 – Alfred Ploetz, German physician, biologist, and eugenicist (died 1940) 1862 – Claude Debussy, French pianist and composer (died 1918) 1867 – Maximilian Bircher-Benner, Swiss physician and nutritionist (died 1939) 1867 – Charles Francis Jenkins, American inventor (died 1934) 1868 – Willis R. Whitney, American chemist (died 1958) 1873 – Alexander Bogdanov, Russian physician and philosopher (died 1928) 1874 – Max Scheler, German philosopher and author (died 1928) 1880 – Gorch Fock, German author and poet (died 1916) 1880 – George Herriman, American cartoonist (died 1944) 1881 – Bede Jarrett, English Dominican priest (died 1934) 1881 – James Newland, Australian soldier and policeman (died 1949) 1882 – Raymonde de Laroche, French pilot (died 1919) 1887 – Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk, German jurist and politician, German Minister of Foreign Affairs (died 1977) 1890 – Cecil Kellaway, South African actor (died 1973) 1891 – Henry Bachtold, Australian soldier and railway engineer (died 1983) 1891 – Jacques Lipchitz, Lithuanian-Italian sculptor (died 1973) 1893 – Wilfred Kitching, English 7th General of The Salvation Army (died 1977) 1893 – Dorothy Parker, American poet, short story writer, critic, and satirist (died 1967) 1893 – Ernest H. Volwiler, American chemist (died 1992) 1895 – László Almásy, Hungarian captain, pilot, and explorer (died 1951) 1895 – Paul Comtois, Canadian lawyer and politician, 21st Lieutenant Governor of Quebec (died 1966) 1896 – Laurence McKinley Gould, American geologist, educator, and polar explorer (died 1995) 1897 – Bill Woodfull, Australian cricketer and educator (died 1965) 1900 – Lisy Fischer, Swiss-born pianist and child prodigy (died 1999)
1901–present 1902 – Thomas Pelly, American lawyer and politician (died 1973) 1902 – Leni Riefenstahl, German actress, film director and propagandist (died 2003) 1902 – Edward Rowe Snow, American historian and author (died 1982) 1903 – Jerry Iger, American cartoonist, co-founded Eisner & Iger (died 1990) 1904 – Deng Xiaoping, Chinese soldier and politician, paramount leader and 1st Vice Premier of the People's Republic of China (died 1997) 1908 – Henri Cartier-Bresson, French photographer and painter (died 2004) 1908 – Erwin Thiesies, German rugby player and coach (died 1993) 1909 – Julius J. Epstein, American screenwriter and producer (died 2000) 1909 – Mel Hein, American football player and coach (died 1992) 1913 – Leonard Pagliero, English businessman and pilot (died 2008) 1913 – Bruno Pontecorvo, Italian physicist and academic (died 1993) 1914 – Jack Dunphy, American author and playwright (died 1992) 1914 – Connie B. Gay, American businessman, co-founded the Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum (died 1989) 1915 – David Dellinger, American activist (died 2004) 1915 – James Hillier, Canadian-American scientist, co-designed the electron microscope (died 2007) 1915 – Edward Szczepanik, Polish economist and politician, 15th Prime Minister of the Polish Republic in Exile (died 2005) 1917 – John Lee Hooker, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (died 2001) 1918 – Mary McGrory, American journalist and author (died 2004) 1920 – Ray Bradbury, American science fiction writer and screenwriter (died 2012) 1920 – Denton Cooley, American surgeon and scientist (died 2016) 1921 – Dinos Dimopoulos, Greek director and screenwriter (died 2003) 1921 – Tony Pawson, English cricketer, footballer, and journalist (died 2012) 1922 – Roberto Aizenberg, Argentine painter and sculptor (died 1996) 1922 – Theoni V. Aldredge, Greek-American costume designer (died 2011) 1922 – Frank Kelly Freas, American science fiction and fantasy artist (died 2005)