Space burial is the launching of human remains into space. Missions may go into orbit around the Earth or to extraterrestrial bodies such as the Moon, or farther into space.

Remains are sealed until the spacecraft burns up upon re-entry into the Earth's atmosphere or they reach their extraterrestrial destinations. Suborbital flights briefly transport them into space then return to Earth where they can be recovered. Small samples of remains are usually launched to minimize the cost of launching mass into space, thereby making such services more affordable.

History and typology The concept of launching human remains into space using conventional rockets was proposed by the science fiction author Neil R. Jones in the novella "The Jameson Satellite", which was published in the pulp magazine Amazing Stories in 1931."The Jameson Satellite" (Amazing Stories, July 1931; Amazing Stories, April 1956 (reprint); Ace Books collection #1, 1967. It was later proposed as a commercial service in the 1965 movie, The Loved One,goodgoodbye.com/film-and-video-reviews/funeral-films-the-loved-one/ and by Richard DeGroot in a Seattle Times newspaper article on April 3, 1977.John Hinterberger: The Seattle Times Sunday Magazine, page 3, April 3, 1977. Since 1997, the private company Celestis has conducted numerous space burials flying as secondary payloads.

Maiden flights

The first space burial occurred in 1992 when the NASA (mission STS-52) carried a sample of Gene Roddenberry's cremated remains into space and returned them to Earth.

The first private space burial, Celestis' Earthview 01: The Founders Flight, was launched on April 21, 1997. An aircraft departing from the Canary Islands carried a Pegasus rocket containing samples of the remains of 24 people to an altitude of above the Atlantic Ocean. The rocket then carried the remains into an elliptical orbit with an apogee of and a perigee of , orbiting the Earth once every 96 minutes until re-entry on May 20, 2002, northeast of Australia. Famous people on this flight included Roddenberry and Timothy Leary.

Suborbital flights

Short flights that cross the boundary of space without attempting to reach orbital velocity are a cost-effective method of space burial. The remains do not burn up and are either recovered or lost.

Moon burial

The first Moon burial was that of Eugene Merle Shoemaker, a portion of whose cremated remains were flown to the Moon by NASA. Shoemaker's former colleague Carolyn Porco, a University of Arizona professor, proposed and produced the tribute of having Shoemaker's ashes launched aboard the NASA's Lunar Prospector spacecraft. Ten days after Shoemaker's passing, Porco had the go-ahead from NASA administrators and delivered the ashes to the Lunar Prospector Mission Director Scott Hubbard at the NASA Ames Research Center. The ashes were accompanied by a piece of brass foil inscribed with an image of Comet Hale–Bopp, an image of a Meteor Crater in northern Arizona, and a passage from William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet. The Lunar Prospector spacecraft was launched on January 6, 1998, and impacted the south polar region of the Moon on July 31, 1999.

Missions to the Moon are proposed by both Elysium Space and Celestis as part of a mission by Astrobotic Technology of Pittsburgh. The first mission in January 2024 failed to reach the Moon due to a failure of the spacecraft and instead reentered Earth's atmosphere shortly after.

Pet burial

In 2014, Celestis launched Celestis Pets, a pet memorial spaceflight service for animal cremated remains. Prior to then, Bismarck, a Monroe, Washington police dog may have flown on a 2012 memorial spaceflight. When this news broke, Celestis' president said that if dog ashes were on the rocket, the person who supplied the cremated remains likely violated the contract they signed with Celestis.

Dedicated spacecraft

On May 17, 2017, Elysium Space announced the world's first memorial flight involving a dedicated spacecraft. The CubeSat was placed as a secondary payload on a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket as part of a dedicated rideshare mission called SSO-A planned by Spaceflight. The launch took place from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California on December 3, 2018. The launch was successful, however, industry sources have noted that the Elysium Star spacecraft remained attached to the deployer due to a failure to procure proper licensing.

Space burial businesses Space burial businesses generally refer to their service offering as "Memorial Spaceflight". Business nameDate establishedOperating statusDestinations offeredCelestis 1994 Active Launch to space and return to Earth, into Earth orbit, to lunar surface, into deep spaceElysium Space 2013 Inactive Launch into Earth orbit, to lunar surfaceSpace NTK 2017 Active Launch into Earth orbit, to lunar surfaceBeyond Burials 2020 Active Launch into Earth orbit, to lunar surfaceSpace Beyond 2025 Active Launch into Earth orbit

Spaceflight history

Orbital Launch dateMission providerLaunch vehicleDestinationRemains samplesResults2020~ July 7, 2026 Space NTK Falcon 9 Earth orbit 8 remains samples Success March 15, 2025 Beyond Burials Falcon 9 Earth orbit Remains samples Success December 21, 2024 Space NTK Falcon 9 Earth orbit Remains samples Success March 4, 2024 Beyond Burials Falcon 9 Earth orbit Remains samples Success January 3, 2023 Beyond Burials Falcon 9 Earth orbit Remains samples Success May 15, 2022 Celestis Falcon 9 Earth orbit Remains samples Success April 1, 2022 Space NTK Falcon 9 Earth orbit Remains samples Success2010-2019 2018 Elysium Space Falcon 9 Earth orbit Remains samplesPlanned November 3, 2015 Elysium Space SPARK Earth orbit Remains samples Failure December 5, 2014 NASA Delta IV Heavy Earth orbit Remains sample of NASA Orion engineer Success May 22, 2012 Celestis Falcon 9 Earth orbit Over 300 remains samples Success2000-2009 August 2, 2008 Celestis Falcon 1 Earth orbit Over 200 remains samples Failure September 21, 2001 Celestis Taurus rocket Earth orbit 43 remains samples Failure1990-1999 December 20, 1999 Celestis Taurus rocket Earth orbit 36 remains samplesSuccess February 10, 1998 Celestis Taurus rocket Earth orbit 30 remains samples Success April 21, 1997 Celestis Pegasus rocket Earth orbit 24 remains samples Success October 22, 1992 NASA Space Shuttle Columbia Earth orbit Remains sample of Gene Roddenberry Success

Moon Launch DateMission ProviderLaunch VehicleDestinationRemains samplesResults2010~ 2018Elysium SpaceFalcon 9Lunar surfaceRemain samplesPlanned Not availableCelestisDetails not availableLunar surfaceRemain samplesPlanned1990-1999 January 6, 1998NASAAthena II/Lunar ProspectorLunar surfaceRemains sample of Eugene ShoemakerSuccess

Deep space Launch DateMission ProviderLaunch VehicleDestinationRemains samplesResults 2000~2009 January 19, 2006NASAAtlas V/New HorizonsDeep spaceRemains sample of Clyde TombaughSuccess

Suborbital Launch DateMission ProviderLaunch VehicleRemains samplesResults2010~ October 23, 2014 Celestis SpaceLoft XL 24 remains samplesSuccess June 21, 2013 Celestis SpaceLoft XL 31 remains samples Success May 20, 2011 Celestis SpaceLoft XL Over 8 remains samplesSuccess May 4, 2010 Celestis SpaceLoft XL Over 19 remains samples Success2000-2009 May 2, 2009 Celestis SpaceLoft XL 16 remains samples Failure April 28, 2007 Celestis SpaceLoft XL Over 200 remains samples Success September 29, 2004 Scaled Composites SpaceShipOne Remains sample of the mother of SpaceShipOne's designer, Burt Rutan. Success

Notable individuals buried in space

Launched into Earth orbit

Gene Roddenberry (1921–1991), creator of Star Trek. Gerard K. O'Neill (1927–1992), space physicist. Krafft Ehricke (1917–1984), rocket scientist. Timothy Leary (1920–1996), American writer, psychologist, psychedelic drug advocate and Harvard University professor.

James Doohan (1920– 2005), actor best known for his portrayal of Scotty in the television and film series Star Trek. Celestis also launched him into space in 2007 and in 2008. Leroy Gordon "Gordo" Cooper Jr. (1927–2004), American astronaut. He was one of the original Mercury Seven pilots in the Project Mercury program, the first crewed space effort by the United States.

Launched into outer space

Nichelle Nichols (1932–2022), American actress best known for her role as Nyota Uhura in the original Star Trek was launched on the maiden flight of the Vulcan Centaur. Eugene Merle Shoemaker (1928–1997), astronomer and co-discoverer of Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9. Clyde Tombaugh (1906–1997), American astronomer and discoverer of Pluto in 1930. A small sample of Tombaugh's ashes are aboard New Horizons, the first spacecraft to pass by and photograph Pluto. This is the first sample of human cremated remains which will escape the Solar System.

Planned space burials

Leiji Matsumoto (1938–2023), Japanese creator of numerous anime and manga series including Galaxy Express 999, Space Battleship Yamato and Space Pirate Captain Harlock, announced his intention to have a symbolic portion of his cremated remains to be launched into space on a future Elysium Space mission.

Majel Barrett (1932–2008), American actress who played Christine Chapel in the original Star Trek series; wife of Gene Roddenberry. A symbolic portion of both her cremated remains and Roddenberry's cremated remains will be launched into space on a future Celestis mission. William R. Pogue (1930–2014), American astronaut. Luise Clayborn Kaish (1925–2013), American sculptor and painter.

Ethics

References

External links The Real Elysium – Send Your Loved One Into Space for $2k, PandoDaily, 2013 Have A Space Burial As Elysium Sends Your Ashes Into Orbit, TechCrunch, 2013 Ash Scattering: Non-Traditional Ways To Be Memorialized, Huffington Post, 2012 The Ultimate One-Way Ticket, Wired Magazine, 2006 Death Is a Long, Strange Trip, Wired Magazine, 2006