A rump state is the remnant of a once much larger state that was reduced in the wake of annexation, occupation, secession, decolonization, a successful coup d'état, or revolution on part of its former territory. The following is a list of polities described in reliable sources as rump states, organized by era.

Ancient history Rump state Remnant of Period Notes Theban kingdom of Upper Egypt Egyptian kingdom Second Intermediate Period Following the conquest of Lower Egypt by the Hyksos, a rump Egyptian kingdom centered on Thebes survived in Upper Egypt and eventually reunified the country at the start of the New Kingdom. Seleucid Empire (Northern Syria) Seleucid Empire 2nd–1st century BC Became a rump state in Northern Syria after losing most of its territory to the Parthian Empire. Kingdom of Soissons Western Roman Empire 461–486 Survived under Aegidius and Syagrius after the collapse of Roman rule in Gaul, until conquered by the Franks under Clovis I in 486.

Post-classical history Rump state Remnant of Period Notes Guge and Maryul Tibetan Empire 10th century onward Rump states of the Tibetan Empire in western Tibet and Ladakh. Sultanate of Rum Seljuk Empire 1077–1308 Rump state of the Seljuk Empire in Anatolia.Richard Todd (2014), The Sufi Doctrine of Man: Ṣadr al-Dīn al-Qūnawī's Metaphysical Anthropology, p. 6 Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia Armenian kingdom 1198–1375 An Armenian rump state in Cilicia.Davies, Norman. Europe: A History, p. 335 Emirate of Rueda de Jalón Taifa of Zaragoza 1110–1130 After the Almoravid conquest of the taifa in 1110, its last ruler, Abd-al-Malik, maintained a tiny rump emirate at Rueda de Jalón until his death. Qara Khitai Liao dynasty 1124–1218 Rump state of the Liao dynasty in Central Asia.Grousset, René (1970). The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia. p. 166. ISBN 9780813513041. Southern Song Northern Song dynasty 1127–1279 After the Jin dynasty assumed control over northern China in 1127, the Southern Song existed as a rump state, although it retained over half of the Northern Song's territory and more than half of its population. Byzantine successor states (Nicaea, Trebizond, Morea, Theodoro, Epirus) Byzantine Empire 13th–15th centuries Formed following conquests from Muslim Turks and Crusaders.The Columbia history of the world by John Arthur Garraty, Peter Gay (1972), p. 454: "The Greek empire in exile at Nicaea proved too strong to be driven out of Asia Minor, and in Epirus another Greek dynasty defied the intruders".A Short history of Greece from early times to 1964 by W. A. Heurtley, H. C. Darby, C. W. Crawley, C. M. Woodhouse (1967), p. 55: "There in the prosperous city of Nicaea, Theodoros Laskaris, the son in law of a former Byzantine Emperor, establish a court that soon become the Small but reviving Greek empire."This is the date determined by Franz Babinger, "La date de la prise de Trébizonde par les Turcs (1461)", Revue des études byzantines, 7 (1949), pp. 205–207 Northern Yuan Yuan dynasty 1368 onward After the Ming dynasty established control over China proper, the Yuan dynasty retreated to the Mongolian Plateau and survived as a rump state. Aq Qoyunlu remnants Aq Qoyunlu 1503–1508 After Aq Qoyunlu rule collapsed in Iran, rump states survived until absorbed into the Safavid Empire by Ismail I. Johor Sultanate Malacca Sultanate 1511 onward After the fall of Malacca to Portuguese naval forces, many of the Malaccan royalty and nobility retreated to the southern Malay Peninsula and established the Johor Sultanate. Neo-Inca State Inca Empire 1532–1572 Based at Vilcabamba after the Spanish conquest. Andorra Principality of Catalonia 1715 onward After the Nueva Planta decrees, the Bishop of Urgell convinced the Spanish Bourbon authorities that the Valleys of Andorra had always been neutral and unrelated to the Principality of Catalonia, resulting in Andorra's political separation from Catalonia.

Modern history Rump state Remnant of Period Notes Luxembourg Duchy of Luxembourg 1839 onward Lost two-thirds of its territory in multiple partitions between 1659 and 1839, cemented by the Treaty of London, which gave most of its former territory to newly independent Belgium. Vatican City Papal States 1929 onward After the capture of Rome in 1870 ended the Papal States, the pope was confined to the Vatican hill; the 1929 Lateran Treaty established Vatican City as an independent state retaining many Papal States institutions. Brunei Bruneian Sultanate (1368–1888) 1901 onward Declined sharply during the 19th century, fell under a British protectorate, and was reduced to its present size by 1901; it regained independence in 1984 under the House of Bolkiah. Republic of German-Austria Austro-Hungarian Empire 1918–1919 Created as the initial rump state for areas with a predominantly German-speaking population of the former empire. Republic of Armenia First Republic of Armenia (1918 borders) 1920 Became a rump state following the Ankara Government victory in the Turkish–Armenian War.Mirzoyan, Alla (2010). Armenia, the Regional Powers, and the West: Between History and Geopolitics, Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 188—189Hovannisian Richard G. Armenian Sebastia/Sivas and Lesser Armenia, p. 430 First Hungarian Republic, Hungarian Soviet Republic, and Hungarian Republic Historical Kingdom of Hungary 1918–1920 A succession of short-lived rump states within the historical territory of Hungary after World War I. Second Czechoslovak Republic Czechoslovakia 1938–1939 Formed after the Munich Agreement forced the cession of the Sudetenland to Germany; existed for 169 days, during which it also lost Carpathian Ruthenia. Vichy France France 1940–1944 After the fall of France, the unoccupied territory was reduced to the south with Vichy as administrative capital under Philippe Pétain; Germany later occupied all of France, and in 1944 the regime went into exile at the Sigmaringen enclave. Kingdom of Italy (the "Kingdom of the South") Kingdom of Italy 1943–1945 Reduced to a rump state in September 1943 while the Nazi-installed Italian Social Republic controlled most of its territory; with Allied support it gradually regained control by April 1945.Eric Morris, Circles of Hell: The War in Italy 1943-1945, , 1993, p. 140 Federal Republic of Yugoslavia / Serbia and Montenegro Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 1992–2006 Often viewed as the rump state left behind by SFR Yugoslavia after its breakup; SFR Yugoslavia itself was considered the "rump Yugoslavia" between the Slovenian and Croatian declarations of independence in June 1991 and its legal dissolution in April 1992. East Germany Germany 1949–1974 Initially, the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) maintained that it was the sole lawful government of all of Germany, denouncing the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) as an unlawfully constituted NATO puppet state; however, in reality it could only exercise its authority in the erstwhile Soviet occupation zone in Germany, a region which contained only three-tenths of Germany's area and one-fifth of its population, with the rest of Germany being controlled by the Federal Republic. In 1974, the East German constitution was amended to remove this exclusive mandate, in parallel with developments in West Germany such as Ostpolitik and détente, as part of the East German regime's policy of Abgrenzung (delimitation) aimed at creating a separate GDR national identity. Taiwan Republic of China 1949 onward The rump state of the Republic of China left over after the retreat from the mainland; the current status of Taiwan is disputed and varies based on the observer's perspective. Republic of Turkey Ottoman Empire 1923 onward Left in Anatolia after the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and the loss of territory in Northern Africa, the Middle East, and Europe, amounting to 89% of the empire's former size. Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Gaddafi-era Libya 2011 Rapidly reduced to a rump state during the First Libyan Civil War, eventually holding only Sirte; dissolved after the killing of Muammar Gaddafi. Syria Ba'athist Syria 2024 Before the fall of Damascus on 8 December 2024, the remaining territory consisted of Damascus (encircled by rebels) and the western coastal Alawite-majority governorates of Latakia and Tartus.

See also Rump state Government-in-exile List of historical unrecognized states and dependencies Succession of states

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