Disa is a genus of flowering plants in the family Orchidaceae. It comprises about 182 species.Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families Most of the species are indigenous to tropical and southern Africa, with a few more in the Arabian Peninsula, Madagascar, and Réunion.Hans Peter Linder and Hubert Kurzweil. 1999. Orchids of Southern Africa. 504 pages. A. A. Balkema. . Disa bracteata is naturalised in Western Australia, where the local name is "African weed-orchid."Weeds Australia, Weed Identification, African weed-orchid, Disa bracteata

The genus Disa was named by P.J. Bergius in 1767.Peter Jonas Bergius. 1767. Descriptiones Plantarum ex Capite Bonae Spei: 348. (See External links below). It was named after Disa, the heroine of a Swedish legend.Umberto Quattrocchi. 2000. CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names volume II. CRC Press: Boca Raton; New York; Washington, DC;, USA. London, UK. (vol. II). (see External links below).

Description The plants grow from a fleshy tuberous root which is a source of maltodextrins which are used as a sugar substitute. Some species attain a height of . The flowers are solitary or arranged in racemes. The petals and the lip are small. The flowers consist essentially of the sepals. The flowers range in color from very light to dark red.

Pollination Disa exhibits a variety of pollination syndromes. Each species of Disa usually has a single species as pollinator and nearly every available pollinating insect is employed by some species of Disa. Species that adapted to the same pollinator often independently evolved a similar floral morphology which confounded the infrageneric classification of Disa until cladistic analysis was applied to DNA sequences from this genus.

Examples of convergent evolution in Disa pollination include the following: flowers pollinated by butterflies have evolved twice, for example the pollination of Disa uniflora and Disa ferruginea by the Table Mountain Pride butterfly (Aeropetes tulbaghia) (Satyrinae) flowers with conspicuous deception, pollinated by carpenter bees, have evolved twice. long-spurred flowers, pollinated by long-tongued flies, have evolved four times. night-scented flowers, pollinated by moths, have evolved three times. Disa serves as an example of how speciation can be caused by changes in pollinator availability and evolution.

Some Disa species are pollinated by sunbirds and have pollinaria that stick to the feet of the sunbirds when they perch on the inflorescence.

Phylogeny The first molecular phylogeny of the genus involved comparison of nuclear ribosomal ITS1, 5.8S rDNA, and ITS2 sequences, and showed that Herschelia and Monadenia were nested within a paraphyletic Disa.

In Genera Orchidacearum volume 2, Disa and Schizodium compose the subtribe Disinae of the tribe Diseae.Alec M. Pridgeon, Phillip J. Cribb, Mark W. Chase, and Finn N. Rasmussen. 1999-2014. Genera Orchidacearum Oxford University Press. (volume 1), (volume 2), (volume 3), (volume 4), (volume 5), (volume 6). After that volume was published in 2001, molecular phylogenetic studies showed that Schizodium is nested within Disa.. Schizodium comprises only six species, all endemic to South Africa.

In a classification of orchids that was published in 2015, Chase et alii placed Schizodium in synonymy under Disa. They also defined the subtribe Disinae as consisting of Pachites, Disa and Huttonaea. This version of Disinae is probably not monophyletic, but was created as a holding classification, to avoid the unnecessary designation of subtribes before further studies can clarify the relationships of these three genera.

Seeds The genus can be split into two groups based on the size of the seeds. Those with relatively large balloon-shaped seeds up to 1.5 mm long belong to the Disa uniflora group. The remaining species have seeds that are smaller than 0.7 mm. The Disa uniflora group comprises plants that grow along stream sides: Disa uniflora, Disa tripetaloides, Disa cardinalis, Disa caulescens and Disa aurata. They belong to the few species in Orchidaceae that do not rely on mycorrhizal fungi for germination, and are thought to be an adaptation to hydrochory. This pattern was later extended to split the genus into summer rainfall species and non-summer rainfall species. Those in the second group added Disa cornuta to the list of Disa seeds that germinate readily.

Horticulture The species Disa uniflora is well known as an ornamental. It is a spectacular red orchid known as "The Pride of Table Mountain."PlantZAfrica.com, Disa uniflora Bergius Other commonly cultivated species include Disa aurata, Disa cardinalis, Disa crassicornis, Disa racemosa, Disa sagittalis, and Disa tripetaloides.Anthony Huxley, Mark Griffiths, and Margot Levy (1992). The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening. The Macmillan Press, Limited: London. The Stockton Press: New York. (set). Some of the species are grown only in African gardens.Eric Harley, Sid Cywes, and H. Peter Linder. 2013. A Disa Companion: The Art and Science of Disa Cultivation. Author House. 123 pages. .

Once very rare in cultivation, Disa uniflora is gaining in popularity as a cut flower. However, they are difficult to grow, because of the needed mineral composition of the potting soil. Also, if exposed to excessive moisture, they can be easily killed by rot.

Hybrids

The following species have been used to create more than 400 hybrids : Disa cardinalis, Disa caulescens, Disa racemosa, Disa tripetaloides, Disa uniflora, Disa aurata and Disa venosa. Disa × brendae (D. caulescens × D. uniflora) (South Africa, SW. Cape Prov.) Disa × maculomarronina (D. hircicornis × D. versicolor) (S. Africa).. Disa × nuwebergensis (D. caulescens × D. tripetaloides) (South Africa, Cape Prov.). Disa × paludicola (D. chrysostachya × D. rhodantha) (South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal).

Species

Species currently (May 2014) recognized:

Disa aconitoides (Ethiopia to S. Africa) Disa aconitoides subsp. aconitoides (Ethiopia to S. Africa) Tuber geophyte Disa aconitoides subsp. concinna (Congo to S. Trop. Africa) Tuber geophyte Disa aconitoides subsp. goetzeana (Ethiopia to Tanzania) Tuber geophyte Disa aequiloba (SW. Tanzania to Angola) Disa afra (Southern Congo to S. Africa, Madagascar) Disa alinae (Congo) Disa alticola (Mpumalanga / East-Transvaal) Disa amoena (Mpumalanga / East-Transvaal) Disa andringitrana (SE. & S. Madagascar) Disa aperta (SW. & S. Tanzania to Zambia) Disa arida (South Africa, S. Cape Prov.) Disa aristata (S. Africa, Northern Prov.) Disa atricapilla (South Africa, SW. Cape Prov.) Disa atrorubens (South Africa, SW. Cape Prov.) Disa aurata (South Africa, Cape Prov. (Swellendam) Disa barbata (South Africa, SW. Cape Prov.) Disa basutorum (S. Africa (Drakensberg) Disa baurii (Tanzania to S. Africa) Disa begleyi (South Africa, SW. Cape Prov.) Disa bifida (South Africa, SW. & S. Cape Prov.) Disa biflora (South Africa, SW. & S. Cape Prov.) Disa bivalvata (South Africa, SW. & S. Cape Prov.) Disa bodkinii (South Africa, SW. & S. Cape Prov.) Disa bolusiana (South Africa, SW. Cape Prov.) Disa borbonica (Réunion) Disa brachyceras (South Africa, SW. Cape Prov.) Disa bracteata, formerly Monadenia bracteata (South Africa, SW. & S. Cape Prov.; naturalised in Australia) Disa brevicornis (S. Trop. & S. Africa) Disa brevipetala (South Africa, SW. Cape Prov.; Kleinmond area) Disa buchenaviana (C. & SE. Madagascar) Disa cardinalis (South Africa, S. Cape Prov.; Riversdale) Disa caulescens (South Africa, SW. Cape Prov.) Disa cedarbergensis (South Africa, Cape Prov.; Cedarberg) Disa celata (S. Tanzania to Angola) Disa cephalotes (S. Africa) Disa cephalotes subsp. cephalotes (S. Africa) Tuber geophyte Disa cephalotes subsp. frigida (Lesotho to KwaZulu-Natal) Tuber geophyte Disa cernua (South Africa, SW. & S. Cape Prov) Disa chimanimaniensis (Chimanimani Mts, Zimbabwe) Disa chrysostachya (S. Africa) Disa clavicornis (Mpumalanga / East-Transvaal) Disa cochlearis (South Africa, Cape Prov.; Elandsberg) Disa comosa (South Africa, SW. & S. Cape Prov.) Disa conferta (South Africa, SW. Cape Prov.) Disa cooperi (S. Africa) Disa cornuta (Zimbabwe to S. Africa) Disa crassicornis (S. Africa) Disa cryptantha (Ethiopia, S. Tanzania to Zambia) Disa cylindrica (South Africa, SW. & S. Cape Prov.) Disa danielae (S. Congo) Disa darrenida (South Africa) Disa densiflora (South Africa, SW. & S. Cape Prov.) Disa dichroa (S. Congo to Zambia) Disa dracomontana (S. Africa (C. Drakensberg) Disa draconis (South Africa, SW. Cape Prov.) Disa ecalcarata (South Africa, SW. Cape Prov.; Constantiaberg) Disa elegans (South Africa, SW. Cape Prov.) Disa eminii (Rwanda to Zambia) Disa engleriana (Tanzania to Zambia) Disa equestris (Trop. Africa) Disa erubescens (Trop. Africa) Disa erubescens subsp. carsonii (Tanzania to Zambia) Disa erubescens subsp. erubescens (Trop. Africa) Tuber geophyte Disa esterhuyseniae (South Africa, WSW. Cape Prov.) Disa extinctoria (South Africa; Northern Prov., Eswatini) Disa facula (Ethiopia) Disa fasciata (South Africa, SW. & S. Cape Prov.) Disa ferruginea (South Africa, SW. Cape Prov.) Disa filicornis (South Africa, SW. & S. Cape Prov.) Disa flexuosa (South Africa SW. & S. Cape Prov.) Disa forcipata (South Africa, Cape Prov.; Possibly extinct) Disa forficaria (South Africa, SW. Cape Prov.) Disa fragrans (Ethiopia to S. Africa) Disa fragrans subsp. deckenii (NE. & E. Trop. Africa to Congo) Tuber geophyte Disa fragrans subsp. fragrans (Tanzania to S. Africa) Tuber geophyte Disa galpinii (South Africa, E. Cape Prov. to KwaZulu-Natal) Disa gladioliflora (South Africa, S. Cape Prov.) Disa gladioliflora subsp. capricornis (South Africa, S. Cape Prov.) Tuber geophyte Disa gladioliflora subsp. gladioliflora (South Africa, S. Cape Prov.) Tuber geophyte Disa glandulosa (South Africa, SW. & S. Cape Prov.) Disa graminifolia (South Africa, SW. & S. Cape Prov.) Disa hallackii (South Africa, SW. & S. Cape Prov.) Disa harveyana (South Africa, SW. Cape Prov.) Disa harveyana subsp. harveyana (South Africa, SW. Cape Prov.) Tuber geophyte Disa harveyana subsp. longicalcarata (South Africa, SW. Cape Prov.) Tuber geophyte Disa helenae (Zambia) Disa hians (South Africa, S. Cape Prov.) Disa hircicornis (Trop. & S. Africa) Disa incarnata (C. & SE. Madagascar) Disa inflexa (South Africa, S. Cape Prov.) Disa intermedia (South Africa, Eswatini) Disa introrsa (South Africa, SW. Cape Prov.; Skurweberge) Disa karooica (South Africa, NW. & C. Cape Prov.) Disa katangensis (S. Congo to Angola) Disa linderiana (South Africa, W. Cape Prov.) Disa lineata (South Africa, SW. Cape Prov.) Disa lisowskii (Congo) Disa longicornu (South Africa, SW. Cape Prov.) Disa longifolia (South Africa, SW. Cape Prov.) Disa longilabris (SW. Tanzania to N. Malawi) Disa lugens (South Africa, SW. & S. Cape Prov.) Disa lugens var. lugens (South Africa, SW. & S. Cape Prov.) Tuber geophyte Disa lugens var. nigrescens (South Africa, S. Cape Prov.; Oyster Bay) Tuber geophyte Disa macrostachya (South Africa W. Cape Prov.; Rooiberg) Disa maculata (South Africa, SW. Cape Prov.) Disa marlothii (South Africa, SW. & S. Cape Prov.) Disa micropetala (South Africa, SW. & S. Cape Prov.) Disa miniata (SW. Tanzania to S. Trop. Africa) Disa minor (South Africa, SW. Cape Prov.) Disa montana (South Africa, E. Cape Prov.) Disa multifida (South Africa, SW. Cape Prov.) Disa neglecta (South Africa, SW. Cape Prov.; Worcester) Disa nervosa (S. Africa) Disa newdigateae (South Africa, S. Cape Prov.; Knysna area) Disa nigerica (Nigeria to Congo) Disa nivea (S. Africa, S. Drakensberg) Disa nubigena (South Africa, SW. Cape Prov.; Devils Peak) Disa nyikensis (Malawi to Zambia) Disa obliqua (South Africa, SW. Cape Prov.) Disa obtusa (South Africa, SW. & S. Cape Prov.) Disa obtusa subsp. hottentotica (South Africa, SW. Cape Prov.) Tuber geophyte