Events
Pre-1600 534 – The second and final edition of the Code of Justinian comes into effect in the Byzantine Empire. 999 – Battle of Glenmama: The combined forces of Munster and Meath under king Brian Boru inflict a crushing defeat on the allied armies of Leinster and Dublin near Lyons Hill in Ireland. 1066 – Granada massacre: A Muslim mob storms the royal palace in Granada, crucifies Jewish vizier Joseph ibn Naghrela and massacres most of the Jewish population of the city. 1419 – Hundred Years' War: Battle of La Rochelle. 1460 – Wars of the Roses: Lancastrians kill the 3rd Duke of York and win the Battle of Wakefield.
1601–1900 1641 – Reapers' War: Louis XIII of France swears the Catalan constitutions, being appointed Count of Barcelona and thus establishing the personal union of the Principality of Catalonia with the Kingdom of France.Simon, Antoni (2019). 1640. Barcelona: Rafael Dalmau, Editor. ISBN 978-84-232-0851-7, p. 493 1702 – Queen Anne's War: James Moore, Governor of the Province of Carolina, abandons the Siege of St. Augustine. 1813 – War of 1812: British soldiers burn Buffalo, New York. 1816 – The Treaty of St. Louis between the United States and the united Ottawa, Ojibwa, and Potawatomi Indian tribes is proclaimed. 1825 – The Treaty of St. Louis between the United States and the Shawnee Nation is proclaimed. 1853 – Gadsden Purchase: The United States buys land from Mexico to facilitate railroad building in the Southwest. 1890 – Following the Wounded Knee Massacre, the United States Army and Lakota warriors face off in the Drexel Mission Fight. 1896 – Filipino patriot and reform advocate José Rizal is executed by a Spanish firing squad in Manila. 1896 – Canadian ice hockey player Ernie McLea scores the first hat-trick in Stanley Cup play, and the Cup-winning goal as the Montreal Victorias defeat the Winnipeg Victorias 6–5. 1897 – The British Colony of Natal annexes Zululand.
1901–present 1902 – The Discovery Expedition under Robert Falcon Scott attains a Farthest South at 82°17′S in Antarctica. 1903 – A fire at the Iroquois Theater in Chicago, Illinois kills at least 605. 1905 – Former Idaho governor Frank Steunenberg is assassinated at the front gate of his home in Caldwell. 1906 – The All-India Muslim League is founded in Dacca, East Bengal, British India (later Dhaka, Bangladesh). 1916 – Russian mystic and advisor to the Tsar Grigori Yefimovich Rasputin is murdered by a loyalist group led by Prince Felix Yusupov. His frozen, partially-trussed body was discovered in a Petrograd river three days later. 1916 – The last coronation in Hungary is performed for King Charles IV and Queen Zita. 1922 – The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) is formed. 1927 – The Ginza Line, the first subway line in Asia, opens in Tokyo, Japan. 1935 – The Italian Air Force bombs a Swedish Red Cross hospital during the Second Italo-Abyssinian War. 1936 – The Flint sit-down strike hits General Motors. 1943 – Subhas Chandra Bose raises the flag of Indian independence at Port Blair. 1944 – King George II of Greece declares a regency, leaving the throne vacant. 1947 – Cold War: King Michael I of Romania is forced to abdicate by the Soviet Union-backed Communist government of Romania. 1952 – An RAF Avro Lancaster bomber crashes in Luqa, Malta after an engine failure, killing three crew members and a civilian on the ground. 1954 – The Finnish National Bureau of Investigation is established to consolidate criminal investigation and intelligence into a single agency. 1958 – The Guatemalan Air Force sinks several Mexican fishing boats alleged to have breached maritime borders, killing three and sparking international tension. 1967 – Aeroflot Flight L-51 crashes near Liepāja International Airport in Liepāja, Latvia, killing 43. 1970 – Hurricane Creek mine disaster, near Hyden, Kentucky 1972 – Vietnam War: Operation Linebacker II ends. 1987 – Stella Sigcau, Prime minister of the South African Bantustan of Transkei, is ousted from power in a bloodless military coup led by General Bantu Holomisa. 1993 – Israel establishes diplomatic relations with Vatican City and also upgrades to full diplomatic relations with Ireland. 1996 – Proposed budget cuts by Benjamin Netanyahu spark protests from 250,000 workers who shut down services across Israel. 1997 – In the worst incident in Algeria's insurgency, the Wilaya of Relizane massacres, 400 people from four villages are killed. 2000 – Rizal Day bombings: A series of bombs explode in various places in Metro Manila, Philippines within a period of a few hours, killing 22 and injuring about a hundred. 2004 – A fire in the República Cromagnon nightclub in Buenos Aires, Argentina, kills 194. 2005 – Tropical Storm Zeta forms in the open Atlantic Ocean, tying the record for the latest tropical cyclone ever to form in the North Atlantic basin. 2006 – Madrid–Barajas Airport is bombed. 2006 – The Indonesian passenger ferry sinks in a storm, resulting in at least 400 deaths. 2006 – Former president of Iraq Saddam Hussein is executed. 2009 – A segment of the Lanzhou–Zhengzhou–Changsha pipeline ruptures in Shaanxi, China, and approximately of diesel oil flows down the Wei River before finally reaching the Yellow River. 2009 – A suicide bomber kills nine people at Forward Operating Base Chapman, a key facility of the Central Intelligence Agency in Afghanistan. 2013 – More than 100 people are killed when anti-government forces attack key buildings in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 2020 – A large explosion at the airport in the southern Yemeni city of Aden kills at least 22 people and wounds 50.
Births
Pre–1600 AD 39 – Titus, Roman emperor (probable)Suetonius claims Titus was born in the year Caligula was assassinated, 41. However, this contradicts his statement that Titus died in his 42nd year, as well as Cassius Dio, who notes that Titus was 39 at the time of his accession. See Suetonius, The Lives of Twelve Caesars, Life of Titus 1, 11; Cassius Dio, Roman History LXVI.18; and (died 81) 159 – Empress Dowager Bian, second wife of Cao Cao, mother of Cao Wei's first emperor, Cao Pi (died 230) 1204 – Abû 'Uthmân Sa'îd ibn Hakam al Qurashi, ruler of Minorca (died 1282) 1371 – Vasily I of Moscow (died 1425) 1490 – Ebussuud Efendi, Ottoman lawyer and jurist (died 1574) 1548 – David Pareus, German theologian (died 1622) 1578 – Ulrik of Denmark, Danish prince-bishop (died 1624)
1601–1900 1642 – Vincenzo da Filicaja, Italian poet (died 1707) 1673 – Ahmed III, Ottoman sultan (died 1736) 1678 – William Croft, English organist and composer (died 1727) 1722 – Charles Yorke, English lawyer and politician, Lord Chancellor of Great Britain (died 1770) 1724 – Louis-Jean-François Lagrenée, French painter and educator (died 1805) 1757 – Sebastián Kindelán y O'Regan, colonial governor of East Florida, Santo Domingo and Cuba (died 1826) 1760 – Charles Sapinaud de La Rairie, French general (died 1829) 1792 – Sylvester Jordan, German lawyer and politician (died 1861) 1819 – Theodor Fontane, German author and poet (died 1898) 1819 – John W. Geary, American lawyer and politician, 16th Governor of Pennsylvania (died 1873) 1825 – Samuel Newitt Wood, American lawyer and politician (died 1891) 1842 – Osman Hamdi Bey, Ottoman administrator, intellectual, art expert and painter (died 1910) 1849 – John Milne, English seismologist and geologist (died 1913) 1851 – Asa Griggs Candler, American businessman and politician, 44th Mayor of Atlanta (died 1929) 1853 – André Messager, French pianist, composer, and conductor (died 1929) 1857 – Sylvio Lazzari, French-Austrian composer (died 1944) 1865 – Rudyard Kipling, Indian-English author and poet, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1936) 1869 – Stephen Leacock, English-Canadian political scientist and author (died 1944) 1869 – Ōzutsu Man'emon, Japanese sumo wrestler, the 18th Yokozuna (died 1918) 1873 – Al Smith, American lawyer and politician, 42nd Governor of New York (died 1944) 1878 – William Aberhart, Canadian evangelist and politician, seventh Premier of Alberta (died 1943) 1879 – Ramana Maharshi, Indian guru and philosopher (died 1950) 1883 – Archer Baldwin, American-English farmer and politician (died 1966) 1883 – Lester Patrick, Canadian ice hockey player and coach (died 1960) 1884 – Hideki Tōjō, Japanese general and politician, 40th Prime Minister of Japan (died 1948) 1886 – Austin Osman Spare, English artist and occultist (died 1956) 1887 – William Kolehmainen, Finnish-American runner and coach (died 1967) 1887 – K. M. Munshi, Indian politician, writer and educationist, founder of Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan (died 1971) 1890 – Adolfo Ruiz Cortines, Mexican soldier and politician, 47th President of Mexico (died 1973) 1897 – Alfredo Bracchi, Italian songwriter and screenwriter (died 1976) 1899 – Helge Ingstad, Norwegian explorer, lawyer, and politician, 2nd Governor of Svalbard (died 2001)
1901–present 1904 – Dmitry Kabalevsky, Russian composer and academic (died 1987) 1905 – Daniil Kharms, Russian poet, author, and playwright (died 1942) 1906 – Alziro Bergonzo, Italian architect and painter (died 1997) 1906 – Carol Reed, English director and producer (died 1976) 1910 – Paul Bowles, American composer and author (died 1999) 1911 – Jeanette Nolan, American actress (died 1998) 1913 – Lucio Agostini, Italian-Canadian conductor and composer (died 1996) 1913 – Elyne Mitchell, Australian author (died 2002) 1914 – Bert Parks, American actor, singer, television personality, and beauty pageant host (died 1992) 1917 – Seymour Melman, American engineer and author (died 2004) 1919 – Dick Spooner, English cricketer (died 1997) 1919 – David Willcocks, English organist, composer, and conductor (died 2015) 1921 – Rashid Karami, Lebanese lawyer and politician, 32nd Prime Minister of Lebanon (died 1987) 1922 – Jane Langton, American author and illustrator (died 2018) 1923 – Prakash Vir Shastri, Indian academic and politician (died 1977) 1924 – Yvonne Brill, Canadian-American propulsion engineer (died 2013) 1925 – Ian MacNaughton, Scottish actor, producer, and director (died 2002) 1926 – Stan Tracey, English pianist and composer (died 2013) 1927 – Jan Kubíček, Czech painter and sculptor (died 2013) 1928 – Bo Diddley, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (died 2008) 1929 – Rosalinde Hurley, English physician, microbiologist, and academic (died 2004) 1930 – Roy Yorke Calne, English surgeon and academic (died 2024) 1930 – Elmira Minita Gordon, Belizean educator, 1st Governor-General of Belize (died 2021) 1930 – Red Rhodes, American pedal steel guitarist (died 1995) 1930 – Tu Youyou, Chinese chemist and pharmacist, Nobel Prize laureate 1931 – Skeeter Davis, American singer-songwriter (died 2004) 1931 – John T. Houghton, Welsh physicist and author (died 2020) 1931 – Frank Torre, American baseball player and manager (died 2014) 1933 – Timité Bassori, Ivorian filmmaker, actor, and writer 1934 – John N. Bahcall, American astrophysicist and astronomer, co-developed the Hubble Space Telescope (died 2005) 1934 – Joseph Bologna, American actor, director, playwright and screenwriter (died 2017) 1934 – Barry Briggs, New Zealand motorcycle racer and sportscaster 1934 – Joseph P. Hoar, American general (died 2022) 1934 – Tony Serra, American criminal defense and civil rights attorney, political activist and tax resister 1934 – Del Shannon, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (died 1990) 1934 – Russ Tamblyn, American actor 1935 – Omar Bongo, Gabonese lieutenant and politician, President of Gabon (died 2009) 1935 – Sandy Koufax, American baseball player and sportscaster 1935 – Jack Riley, American actor (died 2016) 1937 – Gordon Banks, English footballer and manager (died 2019) 1937 – John Hartford, American singer-songwriter and fiddler (died 2001) 1937 – Jim Marshall, American football player (died 2025) 1937 – Paul Stookey, American singer-songwriter and guitarist