Eastern New England English, historically known as the Yankee dialect since at least the 19th century,Sletcher, Michael (2004). New England. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. p. 264 is the traditional regional dialect of Maine, New Hampshire, and the eastern half of Massachusetts.Stanford et al. (2012: 130) Features of this variety once spanned an even larger dialect area of New England, for example, including the eastern halves of Vermont and Connecticut for those born as late as the early twentieth century.Stanford et al. (2012: 161) Studies vary as to whether the unique dialect of Rhode Island technically falls within the Eastern New England dialect region.See, for example, that Labov's 2006 Atlas of North American English frequently includes Providence/Rhode Island under this general dialect, yet his 1997 Regional Telsur Map does not.
Eastern New England English, here including Rhode Island English, is classically associated with sound patterns such as: non-rhoticity, or dropping r when not before a vowel; both variants of Canadian raising, including a fairly back starting position of the vowel (as in ); and some variation of the vowel distinctions, the marry–merry distinction, or both.Stanford et al. (2012: 154) Eastern New England (excluding Rhode Island) is also nationally recognized for its highly front vowel. The most well-known subsets include Boston accents, Maine accents, and a cultivated or elite accent, sometimes known as a "Boston Brahmin accent" within Boston, that was associated with wealthy New England families in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.Knight, Dudley. "Standard Speech". In: Hampton, Marian E. & Barbara Acker (eds.) (1997). The Vocal Vision: Views on Voice. Hal Leonard Corporation. pp. 160.
As of the 21st century, certain traditional characteristics are declining due to many younger Eastern New Englanders avoiding them, particularly non-rhoticity and the aforementioned vowel distinctions,Stanford et al. (2014: 120) which they tend to perceive as old-fashioned, overly rural-sounding,Stanford et al. (2012: 160-1) or even overly urban-sounding with regard to Boston. New Hampshire speakers on the whole are particularly well documented as retreating from these older Eastern New England features since the mid-20th century onwards.Platt, Melanie, "Do you "park your car" or "pahk your cah"?: The Changing Dialect of Southern New Hampshire" (2015). Inquiry Journal 2015. 5. http://scholars.unh.edu/inquiry_2015/5Nagy, Naomi (2001). " 'Live Free or Die' as a Linguistic Principle". American Speech, Volume 76, Number 1, Spring 2001, pp. 30-41.
Overview of phonology The sound system of traditional Eastern New England English includes: Non-rhoticity: The r sound may be "dropped" or "silent" if not before a vowel; therefore, in words like car, letter, horse, poor, etc. The feature is retreating and is not found in many younger speakers, for example, in virtually no speakers born since the mid-20th century in southeastern New Hampshire. Linking and intrusive r: The non-rhotic r may be pronounced after all if it is followed by a vowel, even a vowel that begins the next word in the sentence. Also, any word that ends in /ə/ (as in Cuba), /ɑ/ (as in spa), or /ɔ/ (as in law) can be followed by an unwritten r sound when followed by a vowel sound in the next word: thus, law and public safety sounds like Lauren public safety. Backing of : The vowel of goose, rude, coup, etc. remains pronounced relatively far back in the mouth. Possible lack of the horse–hoarse merger: The vowel of words like war versus wore, or morning versus mourning, are mostly produced either very close or the same in Eastern New England; however, as of the early 2000s, such vowels may still be pronounced differently by some Eastern New England speakers, especially in Maine. Conversely, the merger of the vowels is largely complete elsewhere in the United States. Full Canadian raising: The tongue is raised in the first element of the gliding vowel as well as whenever either appears before a voiceless consonant. Therefore, a word like house is often . Backing of : The vowel of gouge, loud, town, power, etc. has a relatively back-of-mouth starting position: thus, something like . Possible lack of the Mary–marry–merry mergers: Before intervocalic , the vowels ( in rhotic varieties), and (as in Mary, marry, and merry) are distinguished from one another, particularly in Southeastern New England (namely Rhode Island), which is also true in the New York City area and Britain. However, recent studies have shown that there is an emerging tendency in Northeastern New England (Boston, for example) to merge them, as in most other American accents. "Short a" nasal system: The "short a" sound may be tensed in various environments, though most severely before a nasal consonant; therefore, in words like man, clam, Annie, etc. Fronting of /: The vowel of words like palm, spa, car, park, etc. is pronounced farther to the front of the vocal tract than in most other dialects, so that car, for example, is something like . This, plus non-rhoticity, is often associated with the shibboleth "Park the car in Harvard yard." This fronting is seldom reported in Rhode Island, in which car is more often backed . The weak vowel merger is traditionally absent. This makes Lenin distinct from Lennon .
Overview of vocabulary and grammatical features
Some words or phrases most famously or strongly associated with Eastern New England are: bang: to make a sudden or decisive turn while driving; only used in certain phrases: "bang a left", "bang a right", or "bang a U-ie". bubbler or water bubbler: drinking fountain. This term is also used in Wisconsin and Australia. bulkie: a thick white-bread roll, similar to a hamburger bun or kaiser roll frappe : a thick beverage made of milk and ice cream, i.e. a milkshake in most other places (whereas "milkshake" in Boston traditionally means flavored milk). A synonym common only in Rhode Island is cabinet. hoodsie: a small disposable cup of ice cream, the kind that comes with a flat wooden spoon (from HP Hood, the dairy that sells them and elsewhere sometimes known as a "dixie cup".) A secondary meaning (very offensive slang) is "promiscuous teenaged girl".Boston To English Dictionary at CelebrateBoston.com jimmies: sprinkles; to some, particularly chocolate sprinkles. The term is also common in the Philadelphia area. pissa(h): "great" or "amazing", either realistically or sarcastically. This is from the word "pisser" with a Boston accent, but used as an adjective. Occasionally combined with "wicked" to yield "wicked pissah". scrod: any small whitefish, such as cod or haddock, used in cooking"The Legend of the Sacred Cod (Or Is It Scrod?)". Yankee Magazine. Yankee Publishing, Inc., 2021. "So don't I": "so do I" or "I do too"."So Don't I". Yale Grammatical Diversity Project English in North America. Yale University. 2017. spa: a neighborhood convenience store that has a soda fountain and often sells sandwiches. tonic : any sweet, carbonated soft drink (chiefly confined to Boston), otherwise known as "soda" in the region or "pop" elsewhere;Labov et al., Atlas of North American English, p. 289. not the same as tonic water. whiffle: a crew cut or male haircut done with electric clippers. wicked: "very" or "super", used as an adverb or intensifier (such as "That hockey game was wicked good!" or "Ugh, that guy is wicked slow"). Many words common to Boston are also common throughout New England dialects: grinder for "submarine sandwich" (also, spuckie or spuky in East Boston),"Spuky". Dictionary.com, 2022. packie (or package store) for "liquor store",Dictionary of American Regional English rotary for "traffic circle" (these full-speed circular intersections being common in Greater Boston), and yous as the working-class plural form of "you" (a word found throughout the urban Northeast with many spelling variants).Vaux, Bert and Scott Golder. 2003. The Harvard Dialect Survey. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Linguistics Department. Cellar, whose definition may have slight nuances nationwide, can also be a simple synonym for basement in Eastern New England and Massachusetts generally. In this same area, related expressions like down the cellar or even down-cellar are distinctive, meaning "down to the basement" or "down in the basement" (as in "She's getting some boxes down-cellar").
Northeastern New England English Northeastern New England English, popularly recognized as a Boston or Maine accent, in addition to all the above phonological features, further includes the merger of the vowel in cot and caught to , often with a slightly rounded quality, but a resistance to the merger of the vowels in father versus bother, a merger that is otherwise common throughout North America. Also, for speakers born before 1950, the words half and pass (and, before World War II, also ask and can't) are pronounced with a "broad a," like in spa: and .
Boston
Boston, Massachusetts is the birthplace and most famous site of Eastern New England English. Historically, a Northeastern type of New England English spread from metropolitan Boston into metropolitan Worcester, the bulk of New Hampshire, and central and coastal Maine. Boston speech also originated many slang and uniquely local terms that have since spread throughout Massachusetts and Eastern New England. Although mostly non-rhotic, the modern Boston accent typically pronounces the r sound in the vowel, , as in bird, learn, turkey, world, etc.
Maine
A traditional Maine accent, the closest remnant today to a more widespread 19th-century Yankee regional accent, includes the phonology mentioned above, plus the loss of the phonemic status of (as in there), (as in here), and (as in more) all of which are broken into two syllables (, respectively): they-uh, hee-yuh, and moh-uh; some distinct vocabulary is also used in this accent. Maine is one of the last American regions to resist the horse–hoarse merger. This continued resistance was verified by some speakers in a 2006 study of Bangor and Portland, Maine, yet contradicted by a 2013 study that reported the merger as embraced by Portland speakers "of all ages".Ryland, Alison (2013). "A Phonetic Exploration of the English of Portland, Maine". Swarthmore College. The horse–hoarse separation means that words like war and wore may sound different: war rhyming with law , and wore rhyming with boa . Unlike the Boston accent, this traditional Maine accent may be non-rhotic entirely: even in the pronunciation of as .
Notable speakers Ken Beatrice – "... the New England native with the pronounced Boston accent" Bill Burr – "the comic's wicked Boston accent"Miller, Gregory E. (2018) "Bill Burr vows to never become an ‘old cornball’". New York Post. NYP Holdings, Inc. Lenny Clarke – "a Cambridge-raised verbal machine gun with a raspy Boston accent" Calvin Coolidge – "r-less New Englander"Metcalf, A. (2004). Presidential Voices. Speaking Styles from George Washington to George W. Bush. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin. pp. 150. Nick Di Paolo – "thick Boston accent" Marty Engstrom – "With a Maine accent so thick some viewers thought it must be fake" Doris Haddock – "a broad New Hampshire accent" John F. Kennedy – "his tony Harvard accent" Robert F. Kennedy – "his Boston twang" Ted Kennedy – "No one else from Boston, or anywhere in New England, has imprinted the regional accent on the national consciousness as Senator Kennedy did." Mel King – "he has the soft Rs of a deep Boston accent" Lyndon LaRouche – "a cultivated New England accent" Bob Marley (comedian) – "his thick Maine accent" Christy Mihos – "speaks unpretentiously in a variation of a Boston accent, and drops the 'g' in words like talking or running." Brian and Jim Moran – "The Moran brothers share an unmistakable Massachusetts accent" Edmund Muskie – "had a classic Down East accent, though his father had emigrated from Poland"