Anhui is an inland province located in East China. Its provincial capital and largest city is Hefei. The province is located across the basins of the Yangtze and Huai rivers, bordering Jiangsu and Zhejiang to the east, Jiangxi to the south, Hubei and Henan to the west, and Shandong to the north. With a population of 61 million, Anhui is the 9th most populous province in China. It is the 22nd largest Chinese province based on area, and the 12th most densely populated region of all 34 Chinese provincial regions. Anhui's population is mostly composed of Han Chinese. Languages spoken within the province include Lower Yangtze Mandarin, Wu, Hui, Gan and small portion of Central Plains Mandarin.
The name "Anhui" derives from the names of two cities: Anqing and Huizhou (now Huangshan City). Origin of the Names of China's Provinces , People's Daily Online. The abbreviation for Anhui is , corresponding to the historical , and is also used to refer to the Wan River and Mount Tianzhu. The provincial government of Anhui includes a Governor, Provincial Congress, the People's Political Consultative Conference, and the Provincial Higher People's Court. Aside from managing local government departments, the Anhui provincial government manages 16 cities, 62 counties, 43 county-level districts and 1,522 townships. Anhui's total GDP ranked 14th among China's 31 province-level regions .
History
Anhui was established 1667, during the reign of the Qing dynasty's Kangxi Emperor. The province's nickname, "Wan", is taken from the name of a small state that existed in the region during the Spring and Autumn period (722–481 BC). The name "Wan" also corresponds to the province's Mount Tianzhu and . Evidence of human beings inhabiting what is now Anhui 20,000 years before present has been attested by archaeological findings in Fanchang County, related to the cultural domains of Yangshao and Longshan, dated to the Neolithic period (8000–2000 BC). In relation to these cultures, archeologists have discovered through excavation a 4500-year-old city called the Nanchengzi Ruins in Guzhen County, after they discovered a Neolithic city wall and a moat that was part of a much larger and integrated city in the region during their 2013 disinterment.
There are many historical sites located in the province dating to the pre-imperial period. The culture of northern Anhui was associated with that of the North China Plain, together with what is now Henan, northern Jiangsu, and southern Shandong. Central Anhui was densely populated, and consisted of the fertile Huai River watershed. Contrastingly, southern Anhui was closer to Jiangxi and southern Jiangsu; the hills in the southeastern part of the province formed a unique cultural sphere. After the Qin dynasty unified China in 221 BC, the territory of modern Anhui belonged to different prefectures, including Jiujiang, Zhang, Tang, and Sishui. The lands became part of the Yang, Yu, and Xu prefectures during the Han dynasty (202 BC220 AD). During the Three Kingdoms era (222–280), Anhui was dominated at various times by Eastern Wu and Cao Wei. By the Song dynasty (960–1279), the economy and culture of area was flourishing. Anhui became part of the province of Henan during the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368); during the Ming dynasty the area was directly administrated by the imperial capital in Nanjing.
Anhui and Jiangsu were merged into one province under the Qing dynasty (1644–1912) until 1666, during the reign of the Kangxi Emperor. It played an important role in the Self-Strengthening Movement led by Li Hongzhang during the later Qing. During this time, western weapons, factories and administrative theories were being introduced into China. Over the next 50 years, Anhui became one of the country's most radically liberal areas, with important 20th-century figures moving to the province, like the poet and diplomat Hu Shih, and Chen Duxiu, the founder of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP).
In 1938, large areas in north and central Anhui were severely damaged by the decision of President Chiang Kai-shek to demolish a critical dam on the Yellow River, hoping that this would physically impede the ongoing invasion by the Imperial Japanese Army and prevent them from capturing Zhengzhou. Within only ten days of the dam breaking, the water and sands drowned all of north and middle area of this province, resulting in the deaths of between 500,000 and 900,000 Chinese people, as well as an unknown number of Japanese soldiers. Following the end of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1945, the capital city of Anhui moved to Hefei, then a small town. The provincial government made significant investments for its development. After 1949, the government launched projects to repair the damages suffered during World War II. Anhui was one of the worst affected provinces in The Great Chinese Famine. The province underwent significant development via the Third Front campaign to build basic and national defense industries in protected locations, in case of invasion by the Soviet Union or United States. The centerpiece of the Shanghai Small Third Front was the "rear base" in Anhui which served as "a multi-function manufacturing base for anti-aircraft and anti-tank weaponry". During the late 1990s Anhui became one of China's fastest-growing provinces. The province forms part of the China Yangtze River Delta Economic Area, which is the most developed area of China.
Geography Anhui is topographically diverse. The north is part of the North China Plain while the north-central areas are part of the Huai River watershed. Both regions are flat, and densely populated. The land becomes more uneven further south, with the Dabie Mountains occupying much of southwestern Anhui and a series of hills and ranges cutting through southeastern Anhui, between which is the Yangtze River. The highest peak in Anhui is Lotus Peak, part of Huangshan in southeastern Anhui. It has an altitude of .
Major rivers include the Huai River in the north and the Yangtze in the south. The largest lake is Lake Chaohu situated in the center of the province, with an area of about . The southeastern part of the province near the Yangtze River has many lakes as well.
As with topography, the province differs in climate from north to south. The north is more temperate with more distinct seasons. January temperatures average at around −1 to 2 °C north of the Huai River, and 0 to 3 °C south of the Huai River; in July temperatures average 27 °C or above. Plum rains occur in June and July and may cause flooding.
Anhui has 16 cities. In economic terms, the top three cities are: Hefei, Wuhu and Anqing.
Hefei Wuhu Anqing Huangshan City Tongling Ma'anshan Huainan Bengbu Bozhou
Ecology The Anhui elm, Ulmus gaussenii W. C. Cheng, is a medium size deciduous tree whose natural range is restricted to the valleys of the Langya limestone mountains of Chu Xian.Geographical Names: Chu Xian, Anhui, satellite photograph. National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, Bethesda, MD, USA The tree was most commonly found on the flood plains, indicating a tolerance of periodic inundation. U. gaussenii is now the world's rarest and most endangered elm species, with only approximately 30 trees known to survive in the wild in 2009.Grimshaw, J. & Bayton, R. (2009). New Trees - Recent Introductions to Cultivation. RBG Kew, London.
The province is also home to the Chinese alligator (Alligator sinensis, ), also known as the Yangtze alligator, China alligator, or historically the muddy dragon, a critically endangered crocodilian.
Administrative divisions
Anhui is divided into sixteen prefecture-level divisions: all prefecture-level cities:
+Administrative divisions of AnhuiDivision code Division Area in km2|url=http://www.sztj.gov.cn/nj2014/indexce.htm Population 2020 Seat DivisionsDistrictsCountiesCL cities 340000 Anhui Province 139,600.00 61,027,171 Hefei city 45 50 9 340100 Hefei city 11,445.06 9,369,881 Shushan District 4 4 1 340200 Wuhu city 6,004.97 3,644,420 Jiujiang District 5 1 1 340300 Bengbu city 5,950.72 3,296,408 Bengshan District 4 3 340400 Huainan city 5,532.30 3,033,528 Tianjia'an District 5 2 340500 Ma'anshan city 4,049.13 2,159,930 Yushan District 3 3 340600 Huaibei city 2,740.91 1,970,265 Xiangshan District 3 1 340700 Tongling city 2,937.83 1,311,726 Tongguan District 3 1 340800 Anqing city 13,525.03 4,165,284 Yingjiang District 3 5 2 341000 Huangshan city 9,678.39 1,330,565 Tunxi District 3 4 341100 Chuzhou city 13,515.99 3,987,054 Langya District 2 4 2 341200 Fuyang city 10,118.17 8,200,264 Yingzhou District 3 4 1 341300 Suzhou city 9,938.77 5,324,476 Yongqiao District 1 4 341500 Lu'an city 15,450.82 4,393,699 Jin'an District 3 4 341600 Bozhou city 8,521.23 4,996,844 Qiaocheng District 1 3 341700 Chizhou city 8,364.81 1,342,764 Guichi District 1 3 341800 Xuancheng city 12,312.55 2,500,063 Xuanzhou District 1 4 2
Administrative divisions in Chinese and varieties of romanizations English Chinese Pinyin Jiang–Huai (Langjin Pinin)Anhui Province Hefei city Wuhu city Bengbu city Huainan city Ma'anshan city Huaibei city Tongling city Anqing city Huangshan city Chuzhou city Fuyang city Suzhou city Lu'an city Bozhou city Chizhou city Xuancheng city
These 16 prefecture-level cities are in turn subdivided into 104 county-level divisions (45 districts, 9 county-level cities, and 50 counties). Those are in turn divided into 1,512 township-level divisions (997 towns, 230 townships, 9 ethnic townships, and 276 subdistricts).
+ Population by urban areas of prefecture & county cities#CityUrban areaDistrict areaCity properCensus date1Hefei3,098,7273,310,2687,457,0272010-11-012Huainan1,238,4881,666,8263,342,0122010-11-013Wuhu1,108,0872,487,1112,263,1232010-11-014Huaibei854,6961,113,3212,114,2762010-11-015Bengbu793,866972,7843,164,4672010-11-016Fuyang780,5221,768,9477,599,9132010-11-017Suzhou742,6851,647,6425,352,9242010-11-018Lu'an661,2171,644,3444,603,5852010-11-01(8)Lu'an 134,239134,2392010-11-019Ma'anshan657,847741,5312,304,7742010-11-01(9)Ma'anshan 169,888169,8882010-11-0110Anqing570,538780,5144,472,6672010-11-0111Bozhou474,3181,409,4364,850,6572010-11-0112Tongling438,981474,3631,562,6702010-11-01(13)Chaohu404,789780,7112010-11-0114Chuzhou392,461562,3213,937,8682010-11-0115Tianchang324,625602,8402010-11-0116Xuancheng315,058772,4902,532,9382010-11-0117Chizhou289,122595,2681,402,5182010-11-0118Huangshan287,576460,7861,358,9802010-11-0119Tongcheng269,346664,4552010-11-0120Ningguo231,090376,8572010-11-0121Jieshou214,776561,9562010-11-0122Mingguang204,323532,7322010-11-01(23)Qianshan165,779500,2922010-11-01
Politics
The Politics of Anhui Province is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in mainland China. The Governor of Anhui is the highest-ranking official in the Anhui Provincial People's Government. However, in the province's dual party-government governing system, the Governor has less power than the Anhui Chinese Communist Party Provincial Committee Secretary.
Most provincial government departments and the Governor office are located at No.1 Zhongshan Road, moved from old downtown of Hefei since 2016. Provincial government is responsible to manage 16 prefecture-level cities, 105 counties, 1845 townships and different departments in Anhui. The Anhui Provincial People's Congress is just located near provincial government. The Provincial Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) is located at No.317, Suzhou Road. The Provincial Higher People's Court is located at no. 472 Changjiang Rd.
Typically, annual provincial congress meeting is held in the first quarter of each year shortly before national congress meeting and the annual meeting of CPPCC is held in the first quarter or the fourth quarter of each year.
Economy