Events Pre-1600 303 – Roman emperor Diocletian orders the destruction of the Christian church in Nicomedia, beginning eight years of Diocletianic Persecution. 532 – Byzantine emperor Justinian I lays the foundation stone of a new Orthodox Christian basilica in Constantinople – the Hagia Sophia. 628 – Khosrow II, Shahanshah of the Sasanian Empire, is overthrown. 705 – Empress Wu Zetian abdicates the throne, restoring the Tang dynasty. 1455 – Traditionally the date of publication of the Gutenberg Bible, the first Western book printed with movable type.
1601–1900 1725 – J. S. Bach leads his Tafel-Music Shepherd Cantata for the birthday of Christian, Duke of Saxe-Weissenfels. 1763 – Berbice slave uprising in Guyana: The first major slave revolt in South America. 1778 – American Revolutionary War: Baron von Steuben arrives at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, to help train the Continental Army. 1820 – Cato Street Conspiracy: A plot to murder all the British cabinet ministers is exposed and the conspirators arrested. 1836 – Texas Revolution: The Siege of the Alamo (prelude to the Battle of the Alamo) begins in San Antonio, Texas. 1847 – Mexican–American War: Battle of Buena Vista: In Mexico, American troops under future president General Zachary Taylor defeat Mexican General Antonio López de Santa Anna. 1854 – The official independence of the Orange Free State, South Africa is declared. 1861 – President-elect Abraham Lincoln arrives secretly in Washington, D.C., after the thwarting of an alleged assassination plot in Baltimore, Maryland. 1870 – Reconstruction Era: Post-U.S. Civil War military control of Mississippi ends and it is readmitted to the Union. 1883 – Alabama becomes the first U.S. state to enact an anti-trust law. 1885 – Sino-French War: French Army gains an important victory in the Battle of Đồng Đăng in the Tonkin region of Vietnam. 1886 – Charles Martin Hall produced the first samples of aluminium from the electrolysis of aluminium oxide, after several years of intensive work. He was assisted in this project by his older sister, Julia Brainerd Hall. 1887 – The French Riviera is hit by a large earthquake, killing around 2,000. 1898 – Émile Zola is imprisoned in France after writing J'Accuse...!, a letter accusing the French government of antisemitism and wrongfully imprisoning Captain Alfred Dreyfus. 1900 – Second Boer War: During the Battle of the Tugela Heights, the first British attempt to take Hart's Hill fails.
1901–present 1903 – Cuba leases Guantánamo Bay to the United States "in perpetuity". 1905 – Chicago attorney Paul Harris and three other businessmen meet for lunch to form the Rotary Club, the world's first service club. 1909 – The AEA Silver Dart makes the first powered flight in Canada and the British Empire. 1917 – First demonstrations in Saint Petersburg, Russia. The beginning of the February Revolution (March 8 in the Gregorian calendar). 1927 – U.S. President Calvin Coolidge signs a bill by Congress establishing the Federal Radio Commission (later replaced by the Federal Communications Commission) which was to regulate the use of radio frequencies in the United States. 1927 – German theoretical physicist Werner Heisenberg writes a letter to fellow physicist Wolfgang Pauli, in which he describes his uncertainty principle for the first time. 1934 – Leopold III becomes King of Belgium. 1941 – Plutonium is first produced and isolated by Dr. Glenn T. Seaborg. 1942 – World War II: Japanese submarines fire artillery shells at the coastline near Santa Barbara, California. 1943 – The Cavan Orphanage fire kills thirty-five girls and an elderly cook. 1943 – Greek Resistance: The United Panhellenic Organization of Youth is founded in Greece. 1944 – The Soviet Union begins the forced deportation of the Chechen and Ingush people from the North Caucasus to Central Asia. 1945 – World War II: During the Battle of Iwo Jima, a group of United States Marines reach the top of Mount Suribachi on the island and are photographed raising the American flag. 1945 – World War II: The 11th Airborne Division, with Filipino guerrillas, free all 2,147 captives of the Los Baños internment camp, in what General Colin Powell later would refer to as "the textbook airborne operation for all ages and all armies". 1945 – World War II: The capital of the Philippines, Manila, is liberated by combined Filipino and American forces. 1945 – World War II: Capitulation of German garrison in Poznań. The city is liberated by Soviet and Polish forces. 1945 – World War II: The German town of Pforzheim is annihilated in a raid by 379 British bombers. 1945 – American Airlines Flight 009 crashes near Rural Retreat, Virginia, killing 17. 1947 – International Organization for Standardization is founded. 1950 – General elections are held in the United Kingdom. 1954 – The first mass inoculation of children against polio with the Salk vaccine begins in Pittsburgh. 1958 – Five-time Argentine Formula One champion Juan Manuel Fangio is kidnapped by rebels involved in the Cuban Revolution, on the eve of the Cuban Grand Prix. He was released the following day after the race. 1966 – In Syria, Ba'ath Party member Salah Jadid leads an intra-party military coup that replaces the previous government of General Amin al-Hafiz, also a Baathist. 1971 – Operation Lam Son 719: South Vietnamese General Do Cao Tri was killed in a helicopter crash en route to taking control of the faltering campaign. 1974 – The Symbionese Liberation Army demands $4 million more to release kidnap victim Patty Hearst. 1980 – Iran hostage crisis: Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini states that Iran's parliament will decide the fate of the American embassy hostages. 1981 – In Spain, Antonio Tejero attempts a coup d'état by capturing the Spanish Congress of Deputies. 1983 – The United States Environmental Protection Agency announces its intent to buy out and evacuate the dioxin-contaminated community of Times Beach, Missouri. 1987 – Supernova 1987a is seen in the Large Magellanic Cloud. 1988 – Saddam Hussein begins the Anfal genocide against Kurds and Assyrians in northern Iraq. 1991 – In Thailand, General Sunthorn Kongsompong leads a bloodless coup d'état, deposing Prime Minister Chatichai Choonhavan. 1998 – In the United States, tornadoes in central Florida destroy or damage 2,600 structures and kill 42 people. 1999 – Kurdish rebel leader Abdullah Öcalan is charged with treason in Ankara, Turkey. 1999 – An avalanche buries the town of Galtür, Austria, killing 31. 2002 – An Ariane 4 rocket is launched from the Guiana Space Centre carrying Intelsat 904. 2007 – A train derails on an evening express service near Grayrigg, Cumbria, England, killing one person and injuring 88. This results in hundreds of points being checked over the UK after a few similar accidents. 2008 – A United States Air Force B-2 Spirit bomber crashes on Guam, marking the first operational loss of a B-2. 2008 – The Japanese WINDS satellite is launched. 2010 – Unknown criminals pour more than million liters of diesel oil and other hydrocarbons into the river Lambro, in northern Italy, sparking an environmental disaster. 2012 – A series of attacks across Iraq leave at least 83 killed and more than 250 injured. 2017 – The Turkish-backed Free Syrian Army captures Al-Bab from ISIL. 2018 – Parliamentary elections are held in Djibouti. 2019 – Atlas Air Flight 3591, a Boeing 767 freighter, crashes into Trinity Bay near Anahuac, Texas, killing all three people on board. 2020 – Ahmaud Arbery, a 25-year-old African-American citizen, is shot and murdered by three white men after visiting a house under construction while jogging at a neighborhood in Satilla Shores near Brunswick in Glynn County, Georgia. 2021 – Four simultaneous prison riots leave at least 62 people dead in Ecuador. 2025 – A snap election is held in Germany.
Births Pre-1600 1133 – Al-Zafir, Fatimid caliph (died 1154) 1417 – Pope Paul II (died 1471) 1417 – Louis IX, Duke of Bavaria (died 1479) 1443 – Matthias Corvinus, Hungarian king (died 1490) 1529 – Onofrio Panvinio, Italian historian (died 1568) 1539 – Henry XI of Legnica, thrice Duke of Legnica (died 1588) 1539 – Salima Sultan Begum, Empress of the Mughal Empire (died 1612) 1583 – Jean-Baptiste Morin, French mathematician, astrologer, and astronomer (died 1656) 1592 – Balthazar Gerbier, Dutch painter (died 1663)
1601–1900 1606 – George Frederick of Nassau-Siegen, officer in the Dutch Army (died 1674) (2004). "Die Fürstengruft zu Siegen und die darin von 1669 bis 1781 erfolgten Beisetzungen". In: u.a. (Redaktion), Siegener Beiträge. Jahrbuch für regionale Geschichte (in German). Vol. 9. Siegen: Geschichtswerkstatt Siegen – Arbeitskreis für Regionalgeschichte e.V. p. 192; 1633 – Samuel Pepys, English diarist and politician (died 1703) 1646 – Tokugawa Tsunayoshi, Japanese shōgun (died 1709) 1680 – Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne, Sieur de Bienville, Canadian politician, 2nd Colonial Governor of Louisiana (died 1767) 1685 – George Frideric Handel, German-English organist and composer (died 1759) 1723 – Richard Price, Welsh-English minister and philosopher (died 1791) 1744 – Mayer Amschel Rothschild, German banker and businessman (died 1812) 1792 – José Joaquín de Herrera, Mexican politician and general (died 1854) 1805 – Johan Jakob Nervander, Finnish poet, physicist and meteorologist (died 1848) 1830 – Magdalene Osenbroch, Norwegian actress (died 1854) 1831 – Hendrik Willem Mesdag, Dutch painter (died 1915) 1833 – Alfons Grotowski, Polish sanitary engineer (died 1922)Encyklopedia Warszawy. Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, 1994. ISBN 83-01-08836-2. (in Polish) 1842 – Karl Robert Eduard von Hartmann, German philosopher and author (died 1906) 1850 – César Ritz, Swiss businessman, founded The Ritz Hotel, London and Hôtel Ritz Paris (died 1918) 1868 – W. E. B. Du Bois, American sociologist, historian, and activist (died 1963) 1868 – Anna Hofman-Uddgren, Swedish actress, singer, and director (died 1947) 1873 – Liang Qichao, Chinese journalist, philosopher, and scholar (died 1929) 1874 – Konstantin Päts, Estonian lawyer and politician, 1st President of Estonia (died 1956) 1878 – Kazimir Malevich, Ukrainian painter and theorist (died 1935) 1883 – Karl Jaspers, German-Swiss psychiatrist and philosopher (died 1969) 1883 – Guy C. Wiggins, American painter (died 1962) 1884 – Casimir Funk, Polish biochemist (died 1967) 1889 – Musidora, French actress and director (died 1957) 1889 – Cyril Delevanti, English-American actor (died 1975) 1889 – Victor Fleming, American director, cinematographer, and producer (died 1949) 1889 – John Gilbert Winant, American captain, pilot, and politician, 60th Governor of New Hampshire (died 1947) 1892 – Kathleen Harrison, English actress (died 1995) 1892 – Agnes Smedley, American journalist and writer (died 1950) 1894 – Harold Horder, Australian rugby league player and coach (died 1978) 1899 – Erich Kästner, German author and poet (died 1974) 1899 – Norman Taurog, American director and screenwriter (died 1981)
1901–present 1904 – Terence Fisher, English director and screenwriter (died 1980) 1908 – William McMahon, Australian lawyer and politician, 20th Prime Minister of Australia (died 1988) 1915 – Jon Hall, American actor and director (died 1979) 1919 – Johnny Carey, Irish footballer and manager (died 1995) 1920 – Paul Gérin-Lajoie, Canadian lawyer and politician (died 2018) 1922 – Johnny Franz, English record producer (died 1977) 1923 – Rafael Addiego Bruno, Uruguayan jurist and politician, President of Uruguay (died 2014) 1923 – Harry Clarke, English footballer (died 2000) 1923 – Ioannis Grivas, Greek judge and politician, 176th Prime Minister of Greece (died 2016) 1923 – Dante Lavelli, American football player (died 2009) 1923 – Clarence D. Lester, American fighter pilot (died 1986) 1923 – Mary Francis Shura, American author (died 1991)