Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar

The Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar, or Voivodeship of Serbia and Temes Banat (, , , ), was a crownland of the Austrian Empire that existed between 1849 and 1861, centered in Temeschwar. It was created by reorganization of administrative structures in regions of Serbian Vojvodina and Banat of Temeschwar. Its former area is now divided between Serbia, Romania and Hungary. In 1860-1861, it was reincorporated into the Kingdom of Hungary. The Voivodeship gave its name to the present Serbian Vojvodina.

Names In contemporary German, the crown land was officially known as Patent vom 18. November 1849, RGBl. 25/1849: ('Voivodeship of Serbia and Temes Banat'; when definite). The forms Patent vom 24. Juni 1857, RGBl. 121/1857: ('the Serbian Voivodeship and the Temes Banat') and Gesetz 1. Februar 1854, RGBl. 28/1854: ('the Serbian Voivodeship with the Temes Banat'; the -e on is a now mostly obsolete dative ending) also appeared frequently in official documents. Other variations also appear as a result of grammatical inflection (see German grammar), such as (genitive case), but these should not be considered distinct. The spellings and are typographic variations; was used officially until 1852, from 1853.

In contemporary Serbian it was known as () and (). In Hungarian it was known as , and in Romanian as .

As in German, in Serbian sources there are two somewhat different variants of the name of the voivodeship; one could be translated into English as Voivodeship of Serbia and Temes Banat and another as Serbian Voivodeship and Temes Banat.

Also in modern English use, the term Temes Banat or Banat of Temes is sometimes incorrectly replaced with term Banat of Temeschwar or Temeschwar Banat. In the original name in all native languages, there is no mention of the city of Temeschwar (Timișoara) in the title of Voivodeship. As shown above, the reference to the Temes region is always used, and should be translated into English as Temes Banat or Banat of Temes.

History

The Serbs had previously been granted a number of privileges by the Habsburg emperor, starting in 1691, followed by the 1779 Declaratory Rescript of the Illyrian Nation. During the Revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire, a self-proclaimed autonomous province of Serbian Vojvodina was created in 1848.

In 1849, the Imperial Patent of 4th March, known as the March Constitution, imposed constitutional reorganization of the Austrian Empire, and provided (in article 72) a formal base for the creation of an official administrative unit under the name: Voivodeship of Serbia (), also allowing the possibility for future association of that province with other crown lands.Kaiserliches Patent vom 4. März 1849, die Reichsverfassung für das Kaiserthum Oesterreich

The Voivodeship was officially formed by a decision of the Austrian emperor in November 1849.

It consisted of the regions of Banat, Bačka and northern Syrmian municipalities of Ilok and Ruma. An Austrian governor seated in Temeschwar ruled the area, and the title of Voivode belonged to the emperor himself. The full title of the emperor was "Grand Voivod of the Voivodeship of Serbia" (). Even after the Voivodeship was abolished, the emperor kept this title until the end of Austro-Hungarian Monarchy in 1918.

In 1860, the Voivodeship of Serbia and Temes Banat was abolished and most of its territory (Banat and Bačka) was incorporated into the Habsburg Kingdom of Hungary, although direct Hungarian rule began only in 1867, after the Austro-Hungarian Compromise.

Unlike Banat and Bačka, Syrmia was incorporated into the Kingdom of Slavonia in 1860, another separate Habsburg crown land. The Kingdom of Slavonia subsequently merged with the Kingdom of Croatia, forming the new Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia, which concluded an agreement with the Kingdom of Hungary in 1868, becoming an autonomous region of the Kingdom of Hungary within Austria-Hungary.

Languages The two official languages of the Voivodeship were German and "Illyrian" (what would come to be known as Serbian).

Demographics

The Voivodeship was ethnically very mixed, since the southern parts of Syrmia, Banat and Bačka with compact Serbian settlements were not included in it, while eastern Banat, with a Romanian majority was added to it.

1846 According to the 1846 census, the territory that in 1849 formed the voivodeship included:Lazo M. Kostić, Srpska Vojvodina i njene manjine, Novi Sad, 1999. Vlachs (Romanians) = 417,000 Serbs = 402,000 Germans = 352,000 Hungarians = 233,000 Slovaks = 27,000 Bulgarians = 24,000 Jews = 16,000 Romani = 12,000 Rusyns = 7,000 Croats = 3,000 Greeks = 3,000

1857 In 1857, population of the voivodeship numbered 1,526,105 inhabitants, including: Latin Catholics = 698,189 (45.75%) Eastern Orthodox Christians = 691,828 (45.33%) Evangelic-Lutherans = 56,871 (3.73%) Evangelic-Reformists = 29,281 (1.92%) Greek Catholics and Armenian Catholics = 26,244 (1.72%) Jews = 23,203 (1.52%) others = 489 (0.03%)

1850/51 According to the 1850/51 census, ethnic composition of the voivodeship was as follows:Sima M. Ćirković, Srbi među evropskim narodima, Beograd, 2004. Romanians = 347,459 Germans = 335,080 Serbs = 321,110 (*) Hungarians = 221,845 Bunjevci and Šokci = 62,936 (*) Rusins = 39,914 Slovaks = 25,607 Bulgarians = 22,780 Jews = 15,507 Gypsies/Romani = 11,440 Czechs = 7,530 Croats = 2,860 (*) Greeks and Cincars = 2,820

(*) Total number of "Illyrian Slavs" (Serbs, Bunjevci, Šokci, and Croats) was 386,906.

According to another source, in 1850/1851, the population of the voivodeship numbered 1,426,221 inhabitants, including:Dejan Mikavica, Srpska Vojvodina u Habsburškoj Monarhiji 1690-1920, Novi Sad, 2005. 397,459 (27.87%) Romanians 335,080 (23.49%) Germans 321,110 (22.52%) Serbs 221,845 (15.56%) Hungarians others.

By religious makeup:

In 1851, population of the voivodeship numbered 1,426,221 inhabitants, including: Eastern Orthodox Christians = 694,029 (48.66%) Roman Catholics = 624,839 (43.81%) Evangelic-Lutherans = 51,724 (3.63%) Evangelic-Reformists = 26,621 (1.87%) Jews = 16,252 (1.14%) Greek Catholics and Armenian Catholics = 12,756 (0.89%)

1860 In 1860, population of the voivodeship numbered 1,525,523 inhabitants, including:Milenko Palić, Srbi u Mađarskoj - Ugarskoj do 1918, Novi Sad, 1995, page 285. 432,523 Serbs 414,490 Romanians 396,156 Germans 256,164 Hungarians

Administrative divisions At first, the crown land was divided into two districts: Batschka-Torontal (Bačka-Torontal) Temeschwar-Karasch (Timișoara-Caraș)

Later, it was divided into five districtsDrago Njegovan, Prisajedinjenje Vojvodine Srbiji, Novi Sad, 2004. (contemporary , modern spelling ), which were largely based on the pre-1849 Hungarian counties which made the majority of the crown land.Gesetz vom 17. August 1851, 192/1851: From 1851 they were subdivided into political districts (). In the reforms of 1853, implemented in the crown land in 1854, the became , which were subdivided into (formally but of a different type than in 1851). These reforms also separated the capital, the city of Temesvár, from district-administration, placing it under the direct authority of the .

Official name Other native names (district capital) extent population (1850) 1851 1854 1851 (political districts) 1854 (office districts) pre-1849 Temes County Neu-Arad Lippa Temesvár Csakova Werschetz Temesvár (environs) Neu-Arad Lippa Csakova Werschetz Buziasch 316,565, including: 159,292 Romanians 101,339 Germans 34,263 Serbs 12,412 Hungarians 3,664 Bulgarians 2,307 Šokci 1,650 Slovaks pre-1849 Krassó County Lugos Facset Oravitza Boksan Lugos Facset Oraviza Bogsan 229,363, including: 197,363 Romanians 21,179 Germans 8,305 Bulgarians 1,505 Hungarians 612 Serbs pre-1849 Torontál County St. Miklos Hatzfeld Türkisch-Kanisá Gross-Kikinda Moros Becskerek Gross-Becskerek Türkisch-(Neu-)Becse Modos (Modosch) Gross-Kikinda Türkisch-(Neu-)Kanischa Gross-St.-Miklos Hatzfeld Billet 388,704, including: 126,730 Germans 124,111 Serbs 60,781 Hungarians 58,292 Romanians 11,045 Bulgarians 3,752 Croats 2,562 Slovaks 1,421 Jews the northern part of the pre-1849 Bács-Bodrog County Zombór Baja Theresiopel Kula Zombor Apathin Kula Baja Maria-Theresiopel Zenta 376,366, including: 160,016 Hungarians 103,886 Germans 53,908 Bunjevci 40,054 Serbs 7,830 Jews the southern part of the pre-1849 Bács-Bodrog County and the formerly Syrmian districts of Ruma and Illok Neusatz Palanka Becse Illok Ruma Neusatz Alt-Becse Palanka Ruma Illok 236,943, including: 100,382 Serbs 45,936 Germans 30,450 Hungarians 20,683 Slovaks 13,665 Šokci 2,098 Jews

Administration

Great Voivodes Francis Joseph I, (1849–1916) Charles I, (1916–1918)

Note: the voivodeship was abolished in 1860, but Francis Joseph kept the title of "Great Voivode" until his death in 1916, and the title was also inherited by the last Emperor of Austria, Charles I.thomasgraz.net

Governors Ferdinand Mayerhofer, (1849–1851) Johann Coronini-Cronberg, (1851–1859) Josip Šokčević, (1859–1860) Karl Bigot de Saint-Quentin, (1860)

Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar

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