Events Pre-1600 823 – Lothair I is crowned King of Italy by Pope Paschal I. 919 – The second Fatimid invasion of Egypt begins, when the Fatimid heir-apparent, al-Qa'im bi-Amr Allah, sets out from Raqqada at the head of his army. 1242 – During the Battle on the Ice of Lake Peipus, Russian forces, led by Alexander Nevsky, rebuff an invasion attempt by the Teutonic Knights. 1536 – Charles V makes a Royal Entry into Rome, demolishing a swath of the city to re-enact a Roman triumph. 1566 – Two hundred Dutch noblemen, led by Hendrick van Brederode, force themselves into the presence of Margaret of Parma and present the Petition of Compromise, denouncing the Spanish Inquisition in the Seventeen Provinces.
1601–1900 1614 – In Virginia, Native American Pocahontas marries English colonist John Rolfe. 1614 – The second English Parliament of king James I, the so-called Addled Parliament, opens. 1621 – The Mayflower sets sail from Plymouth, Massachusetts on a return trip to England. 1792 – United States President George Washington exercises his authority to veto a bill, the first time this power is used in the United States. 1795 – Peace of Basel between France and Prussia is made. 1818 – In the Battle of Maipú, Chile's independence movement, led by Bernardo O'Higgins and José de San Martín, win a decisive victory over Spain, leaving 2,000 Spaniards and 1,000 Chilean patriots dead. 1862 – American Civil War: The Battle of Yorktown begins. 1879 – Bolivia declares war on Chile, and Chile declares war on Peru, starting the War of the Pacific.
1901–present 1902 – A stand box collapses at Ibrox Park (now Ibrox Stadium) in Glasgow, Scotland, which led to the deaths of 25 and injuries to more than 500 supporters during an international association football match between Scotland and England. 1910 – The Transandine Railway connecting Chile and Argentina is inaugurated. 1922 – The American Birth Control League, forerunner of Planned Parenthood, is incorporated. 1932 – Dominion of Newfoundland: Ten thousand rioters seize the Colonial Building leading to the end of self-government. 1933 – U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt signs two executive orders: 6101 to establish the Civilian Conservation Corps, and 6102 "forbidding the Hoarding of Gold Coin, Gold Bullion, and Gold Certificates" by U.S. citizens. 1933 – Andorran Revolution: The Young Andorrans occupy the Casa de la Vall and force the government to hold democratic elections with universal male suffrage. 1936 – Tupelo–Gainesville tornado outbreak: An F5 tornado kills 233 in Tupelo, Mississippi. 1938 – Spanish Civil War: Two days after the Nationalist army occupied the Catalan city of Lleida, dictator Francisco Franco decrees the abolition of the Generalitat (the autonomous government of Catalonia), the self-government granted by the Republic, and the official status of the Catalan language. 1942 – World War II: Adolf Hitler issues Fuhrer Directive No. 41 summarizing Case Blue, including the German Sixth Army's planned assault on Stalingrad. 1942 – World War II: The Imperial Japanese Navy launches a carrier-based air attack on Colombo, Ceylon during the Indian Ocean raid. Port and civilian facilities are damaged and the Royal Navy cruisers and are sunk southwest of the island. 1943 – World War II: United States Army Air Forces bomber aircraft accidentally cause more than 900 civilian deaths, including 209 children, and 1,300 wounded among the civilian population of the Belgian town of Mortsel. Their target was the Erla factory from the residential area hit. 1945 – Cold War: Yugoslav leader Josip Broz Tito signs an agreement with the Soviet Union to allow "temporary entry of Soviet troops into Yugoslav territory". 1946 – Soviet troops end their year-long occupation of the Danish island of Bornholm. 1946 – A Fleet Air Arm Vickers Wellington crashes into a residential area in Rabat, Malta during a training exercise, killing all four crew members and 16 civilians on the ground. 1949 – A fire in a hospital in Effingham, Illinois, kills 77 people and leads to nationwide fire code improvements in the United States. 1951 – Cold War: Ethel and Julius Rosenberg are sentenced to death for spying for the Soviet Union. 1956 – Cuban Revolution: Fidel Castro declares himself at war with Cuban President Fulgencio Batista. 1958 – Ripple Rock, an underwater threat to navigation in the Seymour Narrows in Canada, is destroyed in one of the largest non-nuclear controlled explosions of the time. 1965 – My Fair Lady wins Best Picture at the 37th Academy Awards. 1966 – During the Buddhist Uprising, South Vietnamese Prime Minister Nguyễn Cao Kỳ personally attempts to lead the capture of the restive city of Đà Nẵng before backing down. 1971 – In Sri Lanka, Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna launches a revolt against the United Front government of Sirimavo Bandaranaike. 1974 – Carrie, the first novel by American author Stephen King, is published for the first time with a print run of 30,000 copies. 1976 – In China, the April Fifth Movement leads to the Tiananmen Incident. 1977 – The US Supreme Court rules that congressional legislation that diminished the size of the Sioux people's reservation thereby destroyed the tribe's jurisdictional authority over the area in Rosebud Sioux Tribe v. Kneip. 1983 – The People's Armed Police is officially founded. 1991 – An ASA EMB 120 crashes in Brunswick, Georgia, killing all 23 aboard, including Sen. John Tower and astronaut Sonny Carter. 1991 – The Space Shuttle Atlantis launches on STS-37 to deploy the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory. 1992 – Alberto Fujimori, president of Peru, dissolves the Peruvian congress by military force. 1992 – Peace protesters Suada Dilberovic and Olga Sučić are killed on the Vrbanja Bridge in Sarajevo, becoming the first casualties of the Bosnian War. 1998 – In Japan, the Akashi Kaikyō Bridge opens to traffic, becoming the longest bridge span in the world. 1999 – Two Libyans suspected of bringing down Pan Am Flight 103 in 1988 are handed over for eventual trial in the Netherlands. 2007 – The cruise ship MS Sea Diamond strikes a volcanic reef near Nea Kameni and sinks the next day. Two passengers were never recovered and are presumed dead. 2009 – North Korea launches its controversial Kwangmyŏngsŏng-2 satellite. The satellite passed over mainland Japan, which prompted an immediate reaction from the United Nations Security Council, as well as participating states of six-party talks. 2010 – Up to 50 people are killed and another 100 injured in two militant suicide bombings and attacks in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan: the first on an Awami National Party rally in Timergara; the second on the U.S. Consulate in Peshawar. 2010 – Twenty-nine coal miners are killed in an explosion at the Upper Big Branch Mine in West Virginia. 2010 – Space Shuttle Discovery is launched on STS-131 to resupply the International Space Station. 2018 – Agents with the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement raid a slaughterhouse in Tennessee, detaining nearly 100 undocumented Hispanic workers in one of the largest workplace raids in the history of the United States.
Births
Pre-1600 1170 – Isabella of Hainault (died 1190) 1219 – Wonjong of Goryeo, 24th ruler of Goryeo (died 1274) 1279 – Al-Nuwayri, Egyptian Muslim historian (died 1333) 1288 – Emperor Go-Fushimi of Japan (died 1336) 1315 – James III of Majorca (died 1349) 1365 – William II, Duke of Bavaria (died 1417) 1472 – Bianca Maria Sforza, Italian wife of Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor (died 1510) 1521 – Francesco Laparelli, Italian architect (died 1570) 1523 – Blaise de Vigenère, French cryptographer and diplomat (died 1596) 1533 – Giulio della Rovere, Italian Catholic Cardinal (died 1578) 1539 – George Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach (died 1603) 1549 – Princess Elizabeth of Sweden (died 1597) 1568 – Pope Urban VIII (died 1644) 1588 – Thomas Hobbes, English philosopher (died 1679) 1591 – Frederick Ulrich, Duke of Brunswick-Luneburg (died 1634) 1595 – John Wilson, English composer and educator (died 1674)
1601–1900 1604 – Charles IV, Duke of Lorraine (died 1675) 1616 – Frederick, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken (died 1661) 1622 – Vincenzo Viviani, Italian mathematician, astronomer, and physicist (died 1703) 1649 – Elihu Yale, American-English merchant and philanthropist (died 1721) 1656 – Nikita Demidov, Russian industrialist (died 1725) 1664 – Élisabeth Thérèse de Lorraine, French noblewoman and Princess of Epinoy (died 1748) 1674 – Margravine Elisabeth Sophie of Brandenburg (died 1748) 1691 – Louis VIII, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt (died 1768) 1692 – Adrienne Lecouvreur, French actress (died 1730) 1719 – Axel von Fersen the Elder, Swedish field marshal and politician, Lord Marshal of Sweden (died 1794) 1726 – Benjamin Harrison V, American politician, planter and merchant (died 1791) 1727 – Pasquale Anfossi, Italian violinist and composer (died 1797) 1729 – Frederick Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (died 1809) 1730 – Jean Baptiste Seroux d'Agincourt, French archaeologist and historian (died 1814) 1732 – Jean-Honoré Fragonard, French painter and etcher (died 1806) 1735 – Franziskus Herzan von Harras, Czech Roman Catholic cardinal (died 1804) 1739 – Philemon Dickinson, American lawyer and politician (died 1809) 1752 – Sébastien Érard, French instrument maker (died 1831) 1761 – Sybil Ludington, American figure of the American Revolutionary War (died 1839) 1769 – Sir Thomas Hardy, 1st Baronet, English admiral (died 1839) 1773 – José María Coppinger, governor of Spanish East Florida (died 1844) 1773 – Duchess Therese of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (died 1839) 1774 – David Gillespie, American politician and surveyor (died 1829) 1777 – Marie Jules César Savigny, French zoologist (died 1851) 1782 – Wincenty Krasiński, Polish nobleman (died 1858) 1784 – Louis Spohr, German violinist, composer, and conductor (died 1859) 1788 – Franz Pforr, German painter (died 1812) 1793 – Casimir Delavigne, French poet and dramatist (died 1843) 1793 – Felix de Muelenaere, Belgian politician (died 1862) 1795 – Henry Havelock, British general (died 1857) 1799 – Jacques Denys Choisy, Swiss clergyman and botanist (died 1859) 1801 – Félix Dujardin, French biologist (died 1860) 1801 – Vincenzo Gioberti, Italian philosopher, publicist and politician (died 1852) 1804 – Matthias Jakob Schleiden, German botanist (died 1881) 1809 – Karl Felix Halm, German scholar and critic (died 1882) 1810 – Sir Henry Rawlinson, British East India Company army officer and politician (died 1895) 1811 – Jules Dupré, French painter (died 1889) 1814 – Felix Lichnowsky, Czech soldier and politician (died 1848) 1820 – Gaspard-Félix Tournachon, French photographer, caricaturist, journalist, novelist and balloonist 1822 – Émile Louis Victor de Laveleye, Belgian economist (died 1892) 1827 – Joseph Lister, English surgeon and academic (died 1912) 1832 – Jules Ferry, French lawyer and politician, 44th Prime Minister of France (died 1893) 1834 – Prentice Mulford, American humorist and author (died 1891) 1834 – Wilhelm Olbers Focke, German medical doctor and botanist (died 1922) 1834 – Frank R. Stockton, American writer and humorist (died 1902) 1835 – Vítězslav Hálek, Czech poet, writer, journalist, dramatist and theatre critic. (died 1874) 1837 – Algernon Charles Swinburne, English poet, playwright, novelist, and critic (died 1909) 1839 – Robert Smalls, African-American ship's pilot, sea captain, and politician (died 1915) 1840 – Ghazaros Aghayan, Armenian historian and linguist (died 1911) 1842 – Hans Hildebrand, Swedish archaeologist (died 1913) 1845 – Friedrich Sigmund Merkel, German anatomist and histopathologist (died 1919) 1845 – Jules Cambon, French diplomat (died 1935) 1846 – Sigmund Exner, Austrian physiologist (died 1926) 1846 – Henry Wellesley, British peer and politician (died 1900) 1848 – Thure de Thulstrup, American illustrator (died 1930)