Events Pre-1600 37 – Roman Senate annuls Tiberius' will and proclaims Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (aka Caligula = Little Boots) emperor.Tacitus, Annals V.10. 417 – Pope Zosimus is elected following the death of Pope Innocent I. 1068 – An earthquake in the Levant and the Arabian Peninsula leaves up to 20,000 dead. 1229 – Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, declares himself King of Jerusalem in the Sixth Crusade. 1241 – First Mongol invasion of Poland: Mongols overwhelm Polish armies in Kraków in the Battle of Chmielnik and plunder the city. 1314 – Jacques de Molay, the 23rd and final Grand Master of the Knights Templar, is burned at the stake. 1438 – Albert II of Habsburg becomes King of the Romans. 1571 – Valletta is made the capital city of Malta.
1601–1900 1608 – Susenyos is formally crowned Emperor of Ethiopia. 1644 – The Third Anglo-Powhatan War begins in the Colony of Virginia. 1673 – English lord John Berkeley sells his half of New Jersey to the Quakers. 1741 – New York governor George Clarke's complex at Fort George is burned in an arson attack, starting the New York Conspiracy of 1741. 1766 – American Revolution: The British Parliament repeals the Stamp Act. 1793 – The first modern republic in Germany, the Republic of Mainz, is declared by Andreas Joseph Hofmann. 1793 – Flanders Campaign of the French Revolution, Battle of Neerwinden. 1834 – Six farm labourers from Tolpuddle, Dorset, England are sentenced to be transported to Australia for forming a trade union. 1848 – The premiere of William Henry Fry's Leonora in Philadelphia is the first known performance of a grand opera by an American composer. 1848 – Revolutions of 1848: A rebellion arises in Milan which in five days of street fighting drove Marshal Radetzky and his Austrian soldiers from the city. 1861 – Spain would annex annex the Dominican Republic, which would last for four years. 1865 – American Civil War: The Congress of the Confederate States adjourns for the last time. 1871 – Declaration of the Paris Commune; President of the French Republic, Adolphe Thiers, orders the evacuation of Paris. 1899 – Phoebe, a satellite of Saturn, becomes the first to be discovered with photographs, taken in August 1898, by William Henry Pickering.Phoebe (moon)
1901–present 1901 – The Kumasi Mutiny of 1901 begins. 1902 – Macario Sakay issues Presidential Order No. 1 of his Tagalog Republic. 1913 – King George I of Greece is assassinated in the recently liberated city of Thessaloniki. 1915 – World War I: During the Battle of Gallipoli, three battleships are sunk during a failed British and French naval attack on the Dardanelles. 1921 – The second Peace of Riga is signed between Poland and the Soviet Union. 1921 – The Kronstadt rebellion is suppressed by the Red Army. 1921 – Mongolian Revolution of 1921: The Mongolian People's Army defeats local Chinese forces at Altanbulag, Selenge (then known as Maimachen). This battle was seen as the birthday of the People's Army and completed the expulsion of Chinese militants in Mongolia. 1922 – In India, Mohandas Gandhi is sentenced to six years in prison for civil disobedience, of which he serves only two. 1925 – The 1925 Tri-State tornado hits the Midwestern states of Missouri, Illinois, and Indiana, killing 695 people. 1937 – The New London School explosion in New London, Texas, kills 300 people, mostly children. 1937 – Spanish Civil War: Spanish Republican forces defeat the Italians at the Battle of Guadalajara. 1938 – Mexico creates Pemex by expropriating all foreign-owned oil reserves and facilities. 1940 – World War II: Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini meet at the Brenner Pass in the Alps and agree to form an alliance against France and the United Kingdom. 1942 – The War Relocation Authority is established in the United States to take Japanese Americans into custody. 1944 – Mount Vesuvius in Italy erupts, killing 26 people, causing thousands to flee their homes, and destroying dozens of Allied bombers. 1945 – World War II: 40th Infantry Division, spearheaded by the 185th US Infantry Regiment, lands unopposed in Tigbauan, forcing the Japanese forces to surrender and General Macario Peralta and Gen. Gen. Eichelberger to declare the Liberation of Panay, Romblon and Guimaras. 1948 – Soviet consultants leave Yugoslavia in the first sign of the Tito–Stalin split. 1953 – An earthquake hits western Turkey, killing at least 1,070 people. 1959 – The Hawaii Admission Act is signed into law. 1962 – The Évian Accords end the Algerian War of Independence, which had begun in 1954. 1965 – Cosmonaut Alexei Leonov, leaving his spacecraft Voskhod 2 for 12 minutes, becomes the first person to walk in space. 1966 – United Arab Airlines Flight 749 crashes on approach to Cairo International Airport in Cairo, Egypt, killing 30 people. 1967 – The supertanker runs aground off the Cornish coast. 1968 – Gold standard: The U.S. Congress repeals the requirement for a gold reserve to back US currency. 1969 – The United States begins secretly bombing the Sihanouk Trail in Cambodia, used by communist forces to infiltrate South Vietnam. 1970 – Lon Nol ousts Prince Norodom Sihanouk of Cambodia. 1971 – Peru: A landslide crashes into Yanawayin Lake, killing 200 people at the mining camp of Chungar. 1974 – Güzel İstanbul, a nude sculpture by Gürdal Duyar in Istanbul, is torn down in the middle of the night. 1980 – A Vostok-2M rocket at Plesetsk Cosmodrome Site 43 explodes during a fueling operation, killing 48 people. 1990 – Germans in the German Democratic Republic vote in the first democratic elections in the former communist dictatorship. 1990 – In the largest art theft in US history, 12 paintings, collectively worth around $500 million, are stolen from the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum in Boston. 1994 – Bosnia's Bosniaks and Croats sign the Washington Agreement, ending war between the Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia and the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and establishing the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. 1996 – A nightclub fire in Quezon City, Philippines kills 162 people. 1997 – The tail of a Russian Antonov An-24 charter plane breaks off while en route to Turkey, causing the plane to crash and killing all 50 people on board. 2014 – The parliaments of Russia and Crimea sign an accession treaty. 2015 – The Bardo National Museum in Tunisia is attacked by gunmen. Twenty-four people, almost all tourists, are killed, and at least 50 other people are wounded. 2025 – Israel launches widespread aerial bombardments and attacks on the Gaza Strip, killing at least 591 people, including children.
Births Pre-1600 1075 – Al-Zamakhshari, Persian scholar and theologian (died 1144) 1495 – Mary Tudor, Queen of France (died 1533) 1548 – Cornelis Ketel, Dutch painter (died 1616) 1552 – Polykarp Leyser the Elder, German theologian (died 1610) 1554 – Josias I, Count of Waldeck-Eisenberg, Count of Waldeck-Eisenberg (died 1588) 1555 – Francis, Duke of Anjou (died 1584) 1578 – Adam Elsheimer, German painter (died 1610) 1590 – Manuel de Faria e Sousa, Portuguese historian and poet (died 1649) 1597 – Jérôme le Royer de la Dauversière, French religious leader, founded the Société Notre-Dame de Montréal (died 1659)
1601–1900 1609 – Frederick III of Denmark (died 1670) 1634 – Madame de La Fayette, French author (died 1693) 1640 – Philippe de La Hire, French mathematician and astronomer (died 1719) 1657 – Giuseppe Ottavio Pitoni, Italian organist and composer (died 1743) 1690 – Christian Goldbach, Prussian-German mathematician and academic (died 1764) 1701 – Niclas Sahlgren, Swedish businessman and philanthropist, co-founded the Swedish East India Company (died 1776) 1733 – Christoph Friedrich Nicolai, German author and bookseller (died 1811) 1780 – Miloš Obrenović, Serbian prince (died 1860) 1782 – John C. Calhoun, American lawyer and politician, 7th Vice President of the United States (died 1850) 1789 – Charlotte Elliott, English poet, hymn writer, editor (died 1871) 1798 – Francis Lieber, German-American jurist and philosopher (died 1872) 1800 – Harriet Smithson, Irish actress, the first wife and muse of Hector Berlioz (died 1854) 1813 – Christian Friedrich Hebbel, German poet and playwright (died 1864) 1819 – James McCulloch, Scottish-Australian politician, 5th Premier of Victoria (died 1893) 1820 – John Plankinton, American businessman, industrialist, and philanthropist (died 1891) 1823 – Antoine Chanzy, French general (died 1883) 1828 – Randal Cremer, English activist and politician, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1908) 1837 – Grover Cleveland, American lawyer and politician, 22nd and 24th President of the United States (died 1908) 1842 – Stéphane Mallarmé, French poet and critic (died 1898) 1844 – Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, Russian composer and academic (died 1908) 1845 – Kicking Bear, Native American tribal leader (died 1904) 1857 – Harriet Converse Moody, American businesswoman and arts patron (died 1932) 1858 – Rudolf Diesel, German engineer, invented the Diesel engine (died 1913) 1862 – Eugène Jansson, Swedish painter (died 1915) 1863 – William Sulzer, American lawyer and politician, 39th Governor of New York (died 1941) 1869 – Neville Chamberlain, English businessman and politician, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (died 1940) 1870 – Agnes Sime Baxter, Canadian mathematician (died 1917) 1874 – Nikolai Berdyaev, Russian-French philosopher and theologian (died 1948) 1877 – Edgar Cayce, American mystic and psychic (died 1945) 1877 – Clem Hill, Australian cricketer and engineer (died 1945) 1880 – Kalle Hakala, Finnish politician (died 1947) 1882 – Gian Francesco Malipiero, Italian composer and educator (died 1973) 1884 – Bernard Cronin, English-Australian journalist and author (died 1968) 1886 – Edward Everett Horton, American actor, singer, and dancer (died 1970) 1890 – Henri Decoin, French director and screenwriter (died 1969) 1893 – Costante Girardengo, Italian cyclist (died 1978) 1893 – Wilfred Owen, English soldier and poet (died 1918) 1899 – Marjorie Abbatt, English toy-maker and businesswoman (died 1991)
1901–present 1901 – Manly Palmer Hall, Canadian mystic, author and philosopher (died 1990) 1903 – Galeazzo Ciano, Italian journalist and politician, Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs (died 1944) 1903 – E. O. Plauen, German cartoonist (died 1944) 1904 – Srečko Kosovel, Slovenian poet and author (died 1926) 1905 – Thomas Townsend Brown, American physicist and engineer (died 1985) 1905 – Robert Donat, English actor (died 1958) 1907 – John Zachary Young, English zoologist and neurophysiologist (died 1997) 1908 – Loulou Gasté, French composer (died 1995) 1909 – Ernest Gallo, American businessman, co-founded the E & J Gallo Winery (died 2007) 1911 – Smiley Burnette, American singer-songwriter and actor (died 1967) 1913 – René Clément, French director and screenwriter (died 1996) 1913 – Werner Mölders, German colonel and pilot (died 1941) 1915 – Richard Condon, American author and screenwriter (died 1996) 1918 – Mitchell WerBell III, American mercenary (died 1983) 1922 – Egon Bahr, German journalist and politician, Federal Minister for Special Affairs of Germany (died 2015) 1922 – Seymour Martin Lipset, American sociologist and academic (died 2006) 1922 – Suzanne Perlman, Hungarian-Dutch visual artist (died 2020) 1922 – Fred Shuttlesworth, American activist, co-founded the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (died 2011)Alabama News Center 1923 – Andy Granatelli, American race car driver and businessman (died 2013) 1925 – Alessandro Alessandroni, Italian musician (died 2017) 1926 – Peter Graves, American actor and director (died 2010) 1927 – John Kander, American pianist and composer 1928 – Miguel Poblet, Spanish cyclist (died 2013) 1928 – Fidel V. Ramos, Filipino general and politician, 12th President of the Philippines (died 2022) 1929 – Samuel Pisar, Polish-American lawyer and author (died 2015) 1930 – James J. Andrews, American mathematician and academic (died 1998)