Events Pre-1600 338 BC – A Macedonian army led by Philip II defeats the combined forces of Athens and Thebes in the Battle of Chaeronea, securing Macedonian hegemony in Greece and the Aegean. 216 BC – The Carthaginian army led by Hannibal defeats a numerically superior Roman army at the Battle of Cannae. 49 BC – Caesar, who marched to Spain earlier in the year, leaving Marcus Antonius in charge of Italy, defeats Pompey's general Afranius and Petreius in Ilerda (Lerida) north of the Ebro river. 47 BC – Julius Caesar defeats Pharnaces II of Pontus in the battle of Zela. 461 – Western Roman Emperor Majorian is arrested near Tortona (northern Italy) and deposed by the Suebian general Ricimer. 932 – After a two-year siege, the city of Toledo, in Spain, surrenders to the forces of the Caliph of Córdoba Abd al-Rahman III, assuming an important victory in his campaign to subjugate the Central March. 1274 – Edward I of England returns from the Ninth Crusade and is crowned King seventeen days later. 1343 – After the execution of her husband, Jeanne de Clisson sells her estates and raises a force of men with which to attack French shipping and ports. 1377 – Russian troops are defeated by forces of the Blue Horde Khan Arapsha in the Battle on Pyana River. 1415 – Thomas Grey is executed for participating in the Southampton Plot. 1492 – The Jews are expelled from Spain: 40,000–200,000 leave. Sultan Bayezid II of the Ottoman Empire, learning of this, dispatches the Ottoman Navy to bring the Jews safely to Ottoman lands, mainly to the cities of Thessaloniki (in modern-day Greece) and İzmir (in modern-day Turkey).
1601–1900 1610 – During Henry Hudson's search for the Northwest Passage, he sails into what is now known as Hudson Bay. 1776 – American Revolution: The signing of the United States Declaration of Independence by the Second Continental Congress takes place. 1784 – The first British mail coach service runs from Bristol to London. 1790 – The first United States Census is conducted. 1798 – French Revolutionary Wars: The Battle of the Nile concludes in a British victory. 1830 – July Revolution: Charles X of France abdicates the throne in favor of his grandson Henri. 1858 – The Government of India Act 1858 replaces Company rule in India with that of the British Raj. 1869 – Japan's Edo society class system is abolished as part of the Meiji Restoration reforms. 1870 – Tower Subway, the world's first underground tube railway, opens in London, England, United Kingdom. 1873 – The Clay Street Hill Railroad begins operating the first cable car in San Francisco's famous cable car system. 1897 – Anglo-Afghan War: The Siege of Malakand ends when a relief column is able to reach the British garrison in the Malakand states.
1901–present 1903 – The Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising against the Ottoman Empire begins. 1909 – End of the Tragic Week in Barcelona, a series of antiwar and antigovernment protests in Spain and especially in Barcelona. 1914 – World War I: The German occupation of Luxembourg begins. 1916 – World War I: Austrian sabotage causes the sinking of the Italian battleship Leonardo da Vinci in Taranto. 1918 – The first general strike in Canadian history takes place in Vancouver. 1922 – A typhoon hits Shantou, Republic of China, killing more than 50,000 people. 1923 – U.S. Vice President Calvin Coolidge becomes president upon the death of President Warren G. Harding. 1932 – The positron (antiparticle of the electron) is discovered by Carl D. Anderson. 1934 – Reichskanzler Adolf Hitler becomes Führer of Germany following the death of President Paul von Hindenburg. 1937 – The Marihuana Tax Act of 1937 is passed in America, the effect of which is to render marijuana and all its by-products illegal. 1939 – Albert Einstein and Leo Szilard write a letter to Franklin D. Roosevelt, urging him to begin the Manhattan Project to develop a nuclear weapon. 1943 – The Holocaust: Jewish prisoners stage a revolt at Treblinka, one of the deadliest of Nazi death camps where approximately 900,000 persons were murdered in less than 18 months. 1943 – World War II: After the Motor Torpedo Boat PT-109 is rammed and sunk by the Japanese destroyer Amagiri, Lt. John F. Kennedy, future U.S. president, saves all but two of his crew. 1944 – ASNOM: Birth of the Socialist Republic of Macedonia, celebrated as Day of the Republic in North Macedonia. 1944 – World War II: The largest trade convoy of the world wars arrives safely in the Western Approaches. 1945 – World War II: The Potsdam Conference ends. 1947 – A British South American Airways Avro Lancastrian airliner crashes into a mountain during a flight from Buenos Aires, Argentina to Santiago, Chile. The wreckage would not be found until 1998. 1968 – An earthquake hits Casiguran, Aurora, Philippines killing more than 270 people and wounding 261. 1973 – A flash fire kills 50 people at the Summerland amusement centre at Douglas, Isle of Man. 1980 – A bomb explodes at the railway station in Bologna, Italy, killing 85 people and wounding more than 200. 1982 – The Helsinki Metro, the first rapid transit system of Finland, is opened to the general public. 1985 – Delta Air Lines Flight 191, a Lockheed L-1011 TriStar, crashes at Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport killing 137. 1989 – Pakistan is re-admitted to the Commonwealth of Nations after having restored democracy for the first time since 1972. 1989 – A massacre is carried out by an Indian Peace Keeping Force in Sri Lanka killing 64 ethnic Tamil civilians. 1990 – Iraqi invasion of Kuwait: Iraq invades Kuwait and temporarily establishes the Republic of Kuwait puppet state on the orders of Saddam Hussein, eventually leading to the Gulf War. 1991 – Space Shuttle Atlantis is launched on STS-43 to deploy the TDRS-5 satellite. 1999 – The Gaisal train disaster claims 285 lives in Assam, India. 2005 – Air France Flight 358 lands at Toronto Pearson International Airport and runs off the runway, causing the plane to burst into flames, leaving 12 injuries and no fatalities. 2014 – At least 146 people are killed and more than 114 injured in a factory explosion in Kunshan, Jiangsu, China.
Births Pre-1600 1260 – Kyawswa of Pagan, last ruler of the Pagan Kingdom (died 1299) 1455 – John Cicero, Elector of Brandenburg (died 1499) 1533 – Theodor Zwinger, Swiss physician and scholar (died 1588) 1549 – Mikołaj Krzysztof "the Orphan" Radziwiłł, Polish nobleman (died 1616)
1601–1900 1612 – Saskia van Uylenburgh, Dutch model and wife of Rembrandt van Rijn (died 1642) 1627 – Samuel Dirksz van Hoogstraten, Dutch painter (died 1678) 1630 – Estephan El Douaihy, Maronite patriarch (died 1704) 1646 – Jean-Baptiste du Casse, French admiral and buccaneer (died 1715) 1672 – Johann Jakob Scheuchzer, Swiss paleontologist and scholar (died 1733) 1674 – Philippe II, Duke of Orléans (died 1723) 1696 – Mahmud I, Ottoman sultan (died 1754) 1702 – Dietrich of Anhalt-Dessau (died 1769) 1703 – Lorenzo Ricci, Italian religious leader, 18th Superior General of the Society of Jesus (died 1775) 1740 – Jean Baptiste Camille Canclaux, French general (died 1817) 1754 – Pierre Charles L'Enfant, French-American architect and engineer, designed Washington, D.C. (died 1825) 1788 – Leopold Gmelin, German chemist and academic (died 1853) 1815 – Adolf Friedrich von Schack, German poet and historian (died 1894) 1820 – John Tyndall, Irish-English physicist and mountaineer (died 1893) 1828 – Manuel Pavía y Rodríguez de Alburquerque, Spanish general (died 1895) 1834 – Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi, French sculptor, designed the Statue of Liberty (died 1904) 1835 – Elisha Gray, American businessman, co-founded Western Electric (died 1901) 1861 – Prafulla Chandra Ray, Indian chemist and academic (died 1944) 1865 – Irving Babbitt, American academic and critic (died 1933) 1865 – John Radecki, Australian stained glass artist (died 1955) 1867 – Ernest Dowson, English poet, novelist, and short story writer (died 1900) 1868 – Constantine I of Greece (died 1923) 1870 – Marianne Weber, German sociologist and suffragist (died 1954) 1871 – John French Sloan, American painter and illustrator (died 1951) 1872 – George E. Stewart, Australian-American colonel, Medal of Honor recipient (died 1946) 1876 – Pingali Venkayya, Indian geologist, designed the Flag of India (died 1963) 1877 – Ravishankar Shukla, Indian lawyer and politician, 1st Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh (died 1956) 1878 – Aino Kallas, Finnish-Estonian author (died 1956) 1880 – Arthur Dove, American painter and educator (died 1946) 1882 – Red Ames, American baseball player and manager (died 1936) 1882 – Albert Bloch, American painter and academic (died 1961) 1884 – Rómulo Gallegos, Venezuelan author and politician, 46th President of Venezuela (died 1969) 1886 – John Alexander Douglas McCurdy, Canadian pilot and politician, 20th Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia (died 1961) 1887 – Oskar Anderson, Bulgarian-German mathematician and statistician (died 1960) 1889 – Margaret Lawrence, American stage actress (died 1929) 1891 – Arthur Bliss, English composer and conductor (died 1975) 1891 – Viktor Zhirmunsky, Russian linguist and historian (died 1971) 1892 – Jack L. Warner, Canadian-born American production manager and producer, co-founded Warner Bros. (died 1978) 1894 – Bertha Lutz, Brazilian feminist and scientist (died 1976) 1895 – Matt Henderson, New Zealand cricketer (died 1970) 1897 – Karl-Otto Koch, German SS officer (died 1945) 1897 – Max Weber, Swiss lawyer and politician (died 1974) 1898 – Ernő Nagy, Hungarian fencer (died 1977) 1899 – Charles Bennett, English director and screenwriter (died 1995) 1900 – Holling C. Holling, American author and illustrator (died 1973) 1900 – Helen Morgan, American actress and singer (died 1941)
1901–present 1902 – Pope Cyril VI of Alexandria (died 1971) 1902 – Mina Rees, American mathematician (died 1997) 1905 – Karl Amadeus Hartmann, German composer (died 1963) 1905 – Myrna Loy, American actress (died 1993) 1905 – Ruth Nelson, American actress (died 1992)"Ruth Nelson". IBDb. Retrieved November 1, 2022.Haun, Harry (2000). The Cinematic Century: An Intimate Diary of America's Affair with the Movies. New York: Applause. . 1907 – Mary Hamman, American journalist and author (died 1984) 1910 – Roger MacDougall, Scottish director, playwright, and screenwriter (died 1993) 1911 – Ann Dvorak, American actress (died 1979) 1912 – Palle Huld, Danish actor (died 2010) 1912 – Håkon Stenstadvold, Norwegian painter, illustrator, and critic (died 1977) 1912 – Vladimir Žerjavić, Croatian economist and author (died 2001) 1913 – Xavier Thaninayagam, Sri Lankan scholar and academic (died 1980) 1914 – Félix Leclerc, Canadian singer-songwriter, actor, and poet (died 1988) 1914 – Big Walter Price, American singer-songwriter and pianist (died 2012) 1914 – Beatrice Straight, American actress (died 2001) 1915 – Gary Merrill, American actor (died 1990) 1916 – Alfonso A. Ossorio, Filipino-American painter and sculptor (died 1990) 1917 – Wah Chang, Chinese-American artist and designer (died 2003) 1919 – Nehemiah Persoff, Israeli-American actor (died 2022) 1920 – Louis Pauwels, French journalist and author (died 1997) 1920 – Augustus Rowe, Canadian physician and politician (died 2013) 1921 – George Wilson, American comics artist (died 1998) 1922 – Betsy Bloomingdale, American philanthropist and socialite (died 2016) 1922 – Geoffrey Dutton, Australian historian and author (died 1998) 1922 – Len Murray, British trade union leader (died 2004) 1923 – Shimon Peres, Polish-Israeli lawyer and politician, 9th President of Israel (died 2016) 1923 – Ike Williams, American boxer (died 1994) 1924 – James Baldwin, American novelist, poet, and critic (died 1987) 1924 – Joe Harnell, American pianist and composer (died 2005) 1924 – Carroll O'Connor, American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter (died 2001) 1925 – K. Arulanandan, Ceylon-American engineer and academic (died 2004)