Events Pre-1600 910 – Battle of Augsburg: The Hungarians defeat the East Frankish army under King Louis the Child, using the famous feigned retreat tactic of the nomadic warriors. 1042 – Constantine IX Monomachos is crowned as Byzantine Emperor, one day after his marriage to Empress Zoe Porphyrogenita. 1206 – The Ghurid general Qutb ud-Din Aibak founds the Delhi Sultanate. 1240 – At the instigation of Louis IX of France, an inter-faith debate, known as the Disputation of Paris, starts between a Christian monk and four rabbis. 1381 – Peasants' Revolt: In England, rebels assemble at Blackheath, just outside London. 1418 – Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War: Parisians slaughter sympathizers of Bernard VII, Count of Armagnac, along with all prisoners, foreign bankers, and students and faculty of the College of Navarre. 1429 – Hundred Years' War: On the second day of the Battle of Jargeau, Joan of Arc leads the French army in their capture of the city and the English commander, William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk. 1550 – The city of Helsinki, Finland (belonging to Sweden at the time) is founded by King Gustav I of Sweden.
1601–1900 1643 – The Westminster Assembly is convened by the Parliament of England, without the assent of Charles I, in order to restructure the Church of England. 1653 – First Anglo-Dutch War: The Battle of the Gabbard begins, lasting until the following day. 1665 – Thomas Willett is appointed the first mayor of New York City. 1758 – French and Indian War: Siege of Louisbourg: James Wolfe's attack at Louisbourg, Nova Scotia, commences. 1772 – French explorer Marc-Joseph Marion du Fresne and 25 of his men are killed by Māori in New Zealand. 1775 – American War of Independence: British general Thomas Gage declares martial law in Massachusetts. The British offer a pardon to all colonists who lay down their arms. There would be only two exceptions to the amnesty: Samuel Adams and John Hancock, if captured, were to be hanged. 1776 – The Virginia Declaration of Rights is adopted. 1798 – Irish Rebellion of 1798: Battle of Ballynahinch. 1813 – War of 1812: Capture of USRC Surveyor. 1817 – The earliest form of bicycle, the dandy horse, is driven by Karl von Drais. 1821 – Badi VII, king of Sennar, surrenders his throne and realm to Isma'il Pasha, general of the Ottoman Empire, ending the existence of that Sudanese kingdom. 1830 – Beginning of the Invasion of Algiers: Thirty-four thousand French soldiers land 27 kilometers west of Algiers, at Sidi Ferruch. 1864 – American Civil War, Overland Campaign: Battle of Cold Harbor: Ulysses S. Grant gives the Confederate forces under Robert E. Lee a victory when he pulls his Union troops from their position at Cold Harbor, Virginia and moves south. 1898 – Philippine Declaration of Independence: General Emilio Aguinaldo declares the Philippines' independence from Spain. 1899 – New Richmond tornado: The ninth deadliest tornado in U.S. history kills 117 people and injures around 200. 1900 – The Reichstag approves new legislation continuing Germany's naval expansion program, providing for construction of 38 battleships over a 20-year period. Germany's fleet would be the largest in the world.
1901–present 1914 – Massacre of Phocaea: Turkish irregulars slaughter 50 to 100 Greeks and expel thousands of others in an ethnic cleansing operation in the Ottoman Empire. 1921 – Mikhail Tukhachevsky orders the use of chemical weapons against the Tambov Rebellion, bringing an end to the peasant uprising.Nicolas Werth, Karel Bartošek, Jean-Louis Panné, Jean-Louis Margolin, Andrzej Paczkowski, Stéphane Courtois, The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression, Harvard University Press, 1999, hardcover, 858 pages, . 1935 – A ceasefire is negotiated between Bolivia and Paraguay, ending the Chaco War. 1939 – Shooting begins on Paramount Pictures' Dr. Cyclops, the first horror film photographed in three-strip Technicolor.; 1939 – The Baseball Hall of Fame opens in Cooperstown, New York. 1940 – World War II: Thirteen thousand British and French troops surrender to General Erwin Rommel at Saint-Valery-en-Caux. 1942 – Anne Frank receives a diary for her thirteenth birthday. 1943 – The Holocaust: Germany liquidates the Jewish Ghetto in Brzeżany, Poland (now Berezhany, Ukraine). Around 1,180 Jews are led to the city's old Jewish graveyard and shot. 1944 – World War II: Battle of Carentan: American paratroopers of the 101st Airborne Division secure the town of Carentan, Normandy, France. 1950 – An Air France Douglas DC-4 crashes near Bahrain International Airport, killing 46 people. 1954 – Pope Pius XII canonises Dominic Savio, who was 14 years old at the time of his death, as a saint, making him at the time the youngest unmartyred saint in the Roman Catholic Church. In 2017, Francisco and Jacinta Marto, aged ten and nine at the time of their deaths, are declared as saints. 1963 – NAACP field secretary Medgar Evers is murdered in front of his home in Jackson, Mississippi, by Ku Klux Klan member Byron De La Beckwith during the civil rights movement. 1963 – The film Cleopatra, starring Elizabeth Taylor and Richard Burton, is released in US theaters. It was the most expensive film made at the time. 1964 – Anti-apartheid activist and ANC leader Nelson Mandela's original 5-year sentence is extended to life sentence for high treason together with Denis Goldberg, Ahmed Kathrada, Govan Mbeki, Raymond Mhlaba, Andrew Mlangeni, Elias Motsoaledi and Walter Sisulu in the Rivonia Trial for sabotage in South Africa. 1967 – The United States Supreme Court in Loving v. Virginia declares all U.S. state laws that prohibit interracial marriage to be unconstitutional. 1975 – State of Uttar Pradesh v. Raj Narain: Judge Jagmohanlal Sinha rules against Indira Gandhi in a case on her election to the Indian Parliament, and that she should be banned from holding any public office, triggering a political crisis. 1979 – Bryan Allen wins the second Kremer prize for a man-powered flight across the English Channel in the Gossamer Albatross. 1981 – The first of the Indiana Jones film franchise, Raiders of the Lost Ark, is released in theaters. 1982 – A nuclear disarmament rally and concert is held in New York City. 1987 – The Central African Republic's former emperor Jean-Bédel Bokassa is sentenced to death for crimes he had committed during his 13-year rule. 1987 – Cold War: At the Brandenburg Gate, U.S. President Ronald Reagan publicly challenges Mikhail Gorbachev to tear down the Berlin Wall. 1988 – Austral Líneas Aéreas Flight 046, a McDonnell Douglas MD-81, crashes short of the runway at Libertador General José de San Martín Airport, killing all 22 people on board. 1990 – Russia Day: The parliament of the Russian Federation formally declares its sovereignty. 1991 – In modern Russia's first democratic election, Boris Yeltsin is elected as the President of Russia. 1991 – Kokkadichcholai massacre: The Sri Lankan Army massacres 152 minority Tamil civilians in the village of Kokkadichcholai near the Eastern Province town of Batticaloa. 1993 – An election takes place in Nigeria and is won by Moshood Kashimawo Olawale Abiola. Its results are later annulled by the military government of Ibrahim Babangida. 1999 – Kosovo War: Operation Joint Guardian begins when a NATO-led United Nations peacekeeping force, Kosovo Force (KFor), enters the province of Kosovo in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. 2009 – A disputed presidential election in Iran leads to wide-ranging local and international protests. 2014 – Between 1,095 and 1,700 Shia Iraqi people are killed in an attack by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant on Camp Speicher in Tikrit, Iraq. It is the second deadliest act of terrorism in history, only behind 9/11. 2016 – Forty-nine civilians are killed and 58 others injured in an attack on a gay nightclub in Orlando, Florida, United States; the gunman, Omar Mateen, is killed in a gunfight with police. 2018 – United States President Donald Trump and Kim Jong-un of North Korea hold the first meeting between leaders of their two countries in Singapore. 2019 – Kassym-Jomart Tokayev is inaugurated as the second president of Kazakhstan. 2024 – A fire in a residential building in Mangaf, Kuwait City kills at least 50 people. 2025 – Air India Flight 171, a Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner, crashes shortly after takeoff into the B. J. Medical College, Ahmedabad, India, killing 241 out of 242 onboard as well as 19 on the ground. This marked the first fatal crash and hull loss of the Boeing 787 Dreamliner. 2026 – South African-American businessman Elon Musk becomes the first US$ trillionaire with the initial public offering of SpaceX. 2026 ‐ Olivia Rodrigo released her third studio album: You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love.
Births Pre-1600 950 – Reizei, Japanese emperor (died 1011) 1107 – Gao Zong, Chinese emperor (died 1187) 1161 – Constance, Duchess of Brittany (died 1201) 1519 – Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (died 1574) 1561 – Anna of Württemberg, German princess (died 1616) 1564 – John Casimir, Duke of Saxe-Coburg (died 1633) 1573 – Robert Radclyffe, 5th Earl of Sussex, soldier (died 1629) 1577 – Paul Guldin, Swiss astronomer and mathematician (died 1643) 1580 – Adriaen van Stalbemt, Flemish painter (died 1662)
1601–1900 1653 – Maria Amalia of Courland, Landgravine of Hesse-Kassel (died 1711) 1686 – Marie-Catherine Homassel Hecquet, French writer (died 1764) 1711 – Louis Legrand, French priest and theologian (died 1780) 1760 – Jean-Baptiste Louvet de Couvrai, French author, playwright, journalist, and politician (died 1797) 1771 – Patrick Gass, American sergeant (Lewis and Clark Expedition) and author (died 1870) 1775 – Karl Freiherr von Müffling, Prussian field marshal (died 1851) 1777 – Robert Clark, American physician and politician (died 1837) 1798 – Samuel Cooper, American general (died 1876) 1800 – Samuel Wright Mardis, American politician (died 1836) 1802 – Harriet Martineau, English sociologist and author (died 1876) 1806 – John A. Roebling, German-American engineer, designed the Brooklyn Bridge (died 1869) 1807 – Ante Kuzmanić, Croatian physician and journalist (died 1879) 1812 – Edmond Hébert, French geologist and academic (died 1890) 1819 – Charles Kingsley, English priest, historian, and author (died 1875) 1827 – Johanna Spyri, Swiss author, best known for Heidi (died 1901) 1831 – Robert Herbert, English-Australian politician, 1st Premier of Queensland (died 1905) 1841 – Watson Fothergill, English architect, designed the Woodborough Road Baptist Church (died 1928) 1843 – David Gill, Scottish-English astronomer and author (died 1914) 1851 – Oliver Lodge, English physicist and academic (died 1940) 1857 – Maurice Perrault, Canadian architect, engineer, and politician, 15th Mayor of Longueuil (died 1909) 1858 – Harry Johnston, English botanist and explorer (died 1927) 1858 – Henry Scott Tuke, English painter and photographer (died 1929) 1861 – William Attewell, English cricketer and umpire (died 1927) 1864 – Frank Chapman, American ornithologist, photographer, and author (died 1945) 1873 – Jacques Pellegrin, French zoologist (died 1944)KMAE Journal Bull. Fr. Piscic. (1944) 135 : 94–96 DOI: 10.1051/kmae:1944004 1877 – Thomas C. Hart, American admiral and politician (died 1971) 1883 – Fernand Gonder, French pole vaulter (died 1969) 1883 – Robert Lowie, Austrian-American anthropologist and academic (died 1957) 1888 – Zygmunt Janiszewski, Polish mathematician and academic (died 1920) 1890 – Egon Schiele, Austrian soldier and painter (died 1918) 1892 – Djuna Barnes, American novelist, journalist, and playwright (died 1982) 1895 – Eugénie Brazier, French chef (died 1977) 1897 – Anthony Eden, English soldier and politician, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (died 1977) 1899 – Fritz Albert Lipmann, German-American biochemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1986) 1899 – Weegee, Ukrainian-American photographer and journalist (died 1968)